Introduction

• Language Designers:

  Looking for operator or function names? Well have a look at the following and remember using existing one may ease the transition :)

• Language Users:

  You know one language and want to find the corresponding operator or function in another language

• Language lovers:

  Want to know the various ways people invented for commenting/assigning/...?

This is of course incomplete. I welcome contributions!

You may also have a look at this information sorted by languages.

Light Version

Categories

• Various
  • commenting
  • documentation comment
  • information about the current line and file
  • tokens
  • breaking lines (useful when end-of-line and/or indentation has a special meaning)
  • variable assignment or declaration
  • grouping expressions
  • block (grouping statements, especially when statements are not expressions)
  • use a block as a return value (when statements are not expressions)
  • equality / inequality
  • comparison
  • runtime evaluation
  • manual memory allocation
  • force garbage collection
• Functions
  • function call
  • partial application (in the examples below, a normal call is "f(a,b)")
  • function definition
  • anonymous function
  • function return value
  • function called when a function is not defined (in dynamic languages)
  • runtime inspecting the caller information
  • function composition
  • identity function
• Control Flow
  • sequence
  • if_then
  • if_then_else
  • ifnot_then (unless)
  • multiple selection (switch)
  • loop
  • breaking control flow
  • exception
  • call-with-current-continuation
• Types
  • declaration
  • annotation (or variable declaration)
  • cast
  • mutability, constness
• Object Oriented & Reflexivity
  • method invocation
  • object creation
  • object cloning
  • manually call an object's destructor
  • class declaration
  • testing class membership
  • get the type/class corresponding to an object/instance/value
  • methods available
  • inheritance
  • has the method
  • current instance
  • accessing parent method
  • accessing child method
• Package, Module
  • package scope
  • declare
  • import
• Strings
  • type name
  • character type name
  • character "z"
  • strings
  • multi-line
  • convert something to a string (see also string interpolation)
  • serialize (marshalling)
  • unserialize (un-marshalling)
  • sprintf-like
  • simple print
  • string equality & inequality
  • string size
  • string concatenation
  • duplicate n times
  • upper / lower case character
  • uppercase / lowercase / capitalized string
  • ascii to character
  • character to ascii
  • accessing n-th character
  • extract a substring
  • locate a substring
  • locate a substring (starting at the end)
• Booleans
  • type name
  • false value
  • true value
  • logical not
  • logical or / and
• Bags and Lists
  • type name
  • list concatenation
  • list flattening
  • list constructor
  • list/array indexing
  • adding an element at the beginning (list cons)
  • adding an element at index
  • adding an element at the end
  • first element
  • all but the first element
  • last element
  • all but the last element
  • get the first element and remove it
  • get the last element and remove it
  • for each element do something
  • transform a list (or bag) in another one
  • transform two lists in parallel
  • find an element
  • keep elements
  • partition a list: elements matching, elements non matching
  • split a list
  • is an element in the list
  • is the predicate true for an element
  • is the predicate true for every element
  • smallest / biggest element
  • join a list of strings in a string using a glue string
  • list size
  • iterate with index
  • remove duplicates
  • sort
  • reverse
  • list of couples from 2 lists
  • 2 lists from a list of couples
  • lookup an element in a association list
  • list out of a bag
  • f(... f(f(init, e1), e2) ..., en)
  • f(e1, f(e2, ... f(en, init) ...))
• Various Data Types
  • tuple type
  • tuple constructor
  • computable tuple (these are a kind of immutable lists playing a special role in parameter passing)
  • reference (pointer)
  • optional value
  • record
  • union type declaration
  • enumerated type declaration
  • dictionary
  • range
• Mathematics
  • type name
  • numbers syntax
  • addition / subtraction / multiplication / division
  • exponentiation (power)
  • negation
  • random
  • operator priorities and associativities
  • square root / e-exponential / absolute value
  • trigonometry
  • logarithm
  • euclidean division (both quotient and modulo)
  • modulo
  • truncate / round / floor / ceil
  • bitwise operators
• Threads
  • thread definition
  • thread creation
  • thread object creation
  • starting / stopping threads
  • passing data directly between threads
  • terminating thread communication due to a time-out
  • Thread Synchronization
  • Joining Another Thread
  • Thread Prioritization
  • Thread-safe sharing of data without synchronization

Various

• commenting

  until end of line

  #	Awk, BourneShell, CoffeeScript, E, FishShell, GNU-bc, GNU-sed, Icon, Io, Julia, Maple, merd, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl, YAML
  //	BCPL, C#, C++, C99, Dylan, F#, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike, Scilab, YCP, Yorick
  --	Ada, Cecil, Eiffel, Haskell, Lua, Sather, Simula, SQL92
  ;	Assembler, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Logo, MUMPS, Rebol, Scheme
  %	Erlang, Matlab, Mercury, Oz, PostScript, Prolog, TeX
  rem	Basic
  '	Visual Basic
  "	Vimscript
  \	Forth
  !	Assembler, Fortran90
  NB.	J
  C or * in column 1	Fortran

  nestable

  (* ... *)	Beta, F#, Mathematica, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, SML
  %( ... %)	Matlab
  /* ... */	Classic REXX, Dylan, Io, Oz, SQL99
  { ... }	Pascal, Rebol
  {- ... -}	Haskell
  #| ... |#(1)	Common Lisp, Scheme
  #= ... =#	Julia
  #[ ... ]	Perl6
  #if 0 ... #endif	C
  comment { ... }	Rebol
  comment [ ... ]	Rebol
  [ ... ](2)	Rebol
  --[[ ... ]]	Lua

  non nestable

  " ... "	Smalltalk
  /* ... */	B, C, C#, C++, CSS, GNU-bc, Go, Java, JavaScript, Mercury, PHP, Pike, PL/I, YCP, Yorick
  <!-- ... -->	HTML, XML
  ( ... )	Forth
  ### ... ###	CoffeeScript

• documentation comment

  until end of line

  ///	C#, F#, Java
  -- |	Haskell
  -- ^	Haskell

  non nestable

  /** ... */(3)	C, C#, E, Java, JavaScript, PHP
  (** ... *)	F#

  {-| ... -}	Haskell
  (** ... *)	OCaml
  /* DOCUMENT ... */	Yorick
  indexing identifier: "...";	Eiffel
  someClass comment: '...'	Smalltalk
  rebol [ Note: "..." ]	Rebol
  func ["..." arg] ...	Rebol
  class X: """... """ def x(): """... """ (4)	Python
  (define (f para1 para2) "..." ...)	Scheme
  (defun f (para1 para2) "..." ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  =pod ... =cut (5)	Perl, Perl6
  =begin ... =end	Ruby
  function MYFUNCTION %MYFUNCTION the very first comment line is displayed in the help table of contents % % the remaining lines are displayed when getting help for MYFUNCTION %	Matlab

• information about the current line and file

  __LINE__ __FILE__	C, C++, Perl, PHP, Pike, Ruby
  __LINE__ __SOURCE_FILE__	F#
  $?LINE $?FILE	Perl6
  __file__	Python
  (new System.Diagnostics.StackFrame(true)).GetFileLineNumber() (new System.Diagnostics.StackFrame(true)).GetFileName()	C#
  Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[1].getLineNumber(); Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace()[1].getFileName();	Java
  system/script/header/file(6)	Rebol
  SOURCELINE() / parse source OS . SOURCENAME	Classic REXX
  info frame 0	Tcl8.5
  thisContext lineNumber / thisContext method source	Smalltalk
  runtime.Caller(0)	Go

• tokens

  case-sensitivity (keywords, variable identifiers...)

  case-sensitive	Awk, B, BourneShell, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, F#, FishShell, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Matlab, merd, Modula-3, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, Tcl, XML, YAML, Yorick
  case-insensitive	Ada, Assembler, Classic REXX, Common Lisp, CSS, Eiffel, Forth, HTML, Logo, Pascal, PL/I, Rebol, SGML, SQL92, Visual Basic
  case-sensitive: variables case-insensitive: keywords, functions, constants...	PHP
  case-sensitive: identifiers case-insensitive: keywords	E
  case-sensitive: identifiers case-insensitive: commands	MUMPS
  case-sensitive: upper case disallowed	GNU-bc

  what is the standard way for scrunching together multiple words

  camelCase	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  CamelCase or camelCase	C#, E, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Mathematica, Pascal, Smalltalk, Tcl, Visual Basic
  underscores	FishShell, GNU-bc, merd
  dots	Logo
  hyphens	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Rebol, Scheme
  underscores for functions / types, unclear for modules / constructors	OCaml
  UPPER_CASE	BourneShell
  lowercasenoseparator	Matlab
  underscores, UPPER_CASE for class names	Eiffel
  CamelCase for classes, underscores for methods	Python
  CamelCase for types, underscores for functions, variables, ...	Pliant
  CamelCase for methods, types and modules, underscore for functions	F#
  CamelCase for modules and classes, ALL_CAPS for constants, underscores for functions, variables, ...	Ruby
  CamelCase for modules and classes, ALLCAPS for macros, underscores for methods, constants and variables	Pike
  CamelCase for modules, ALL_CAPS for constants, unclear for functions / variables	Perl, Perl6
  CamelCase for variables, underscores for predicates	Prolog
  usually lowercase or underscores, ALL_CAPS for macros	C
  usually underscores	C++
  Camel_Case	Ada

  variable identifier regexp

  [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9]*	FishShell, Mathematica, PL/I, Smalltalk
  [a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Eiffel, Matlab, Vimscript
  [a-zA-Z](_?[a-zA-Z0-9])*	Ada
  [_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, E, Go, Maple, PHP, Python, Tcl
  [_a-zA-Z0-9]+	BourneShell, Perl, Perl6
  [a-zA-Z0-9]+	FishShell
  [_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]* or '[^']*'	Pliant
  [_a-zA-Z$][_a-zA-Z0-9$]*	Java
  [$A-Za-z_\x7f-\uffff][$\w\x7f-\uffff]*	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  [a-zA-Z%][a-zA-Z0-9]*	MUMPS
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Ruby
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*[!?']*	merd
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Haskell, OCaml, SML
  [_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	F#
  [_A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Mercury, Prolog
  [_a-zA-Z!0&*/:<=>?^][_a-zA-Z!0&*/:<=>?^0-9.+-]*	Scheme
  [a-zA-Z!?@#][a-zA-Z0-9!?@#]*	Classic REXX
  [_a-zA-Z?!.'+*&|=~-][_a-zA-Z0-9?!.'+*&|=~-]* or [^0-9[](){}":;/][^ \n\t[](){}":;/]*	Rebol
  [a-z][a-z0-9_]*	GNU-bc
  anything without a space and is not a number	Common Lisp, Forth

  function identifier regexp (if different from variable identifier regexp)

  [_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*[!?]?	Ruby
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Mercury, Prolog
  [A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*(7)	Vimscript
  [^ \t\n\r\f]+	Tcl
  [^ \t\n\r\f/]+	FishShell

  keyword regexp (if different from variable identifier regexp)

  [A-Z]+

  Modula-3

  type regexp (if different from variable identifier regexp)

  [_A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Haskell
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Mercury, OCaml

  constant regexp (if different from variable identifier regexp)

  [A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	Ruby
  [_A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Haskell, OCaml
  [_a-z][_a-zA-Z0-9']*	Mercury

• breaking lines (useful when end-of-line and/or indentation has a special meaning)

  nothing needed	Ada, B, C, C#, C++, Common Lisp, D, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, F#, Forth, Go, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Maple, Mathematica, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, PostScript, Rebol, Scheme, Smalltalk, SML, XSLT, YCP
  \	Awk, BourneShell, C, CoffeeScript, E, FishShell, GNU-bc, Io, Python, Ruby, Tcl
  _	Visual Basic
  ,	Classic REXX
  ~	Logo
  ...	Matlab

• variable assignment or declaration

  assignment

  =	Awk, B, Basic, BourneShell, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, Erlang, Go, Icon, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Mathematica, Matlab, Oz, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, YCP, Yorick
  :=	Ada, BCPL, Cecil, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Maple, Mathematica, Modula-3, Pascal, Pliant, Sather, Simula, Smalltalk, SML
  <-	F#, OCaml
  _(8)	Squeak
  :	BCPL, Rebol
  ->(9)	Beta
  def	PostScript
  setq	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  setf	Common Lisp
  set	Common Lisp, FishShell, Rebol
  SET v=...	MUMPS
  set!	Scheme
  is	Prolog
  make "v e	Logo
  e v !	Forth

  declaration

  =	Haskell, Mercury, Prolog
  <-	Haskell
  :-	Prolog
  :=	Io
  let v = e in	F#, OCaml
  let val v = e in	SML
  let v = e(10)	BCPL, F#, Vimscript
  def v := e / var v := e	E
  my / our / local / use vars	Perl
  my / our / temp	Perl6
  define	Dylan, Scheme
  let let*	Common Lisp, Scheme
  letrec	Scheme
  flet labels defun defmethod defvar defparameter defsetf ..	Common Lisp
  local V1 = e V2 = e2 in ... end	Oz
  global v1, v2	Python
  global v1 v2	Matlab, Scilab
  :@	Beta
  NEW v	MUMPS
  v: t	Ada, Eiffel, Pascal
  t v	C, C#, C++, Java
  var v t	Go
  | v1 v2 |	Smalltalk
  auto v1, v2; extrn v3, v4;	B
  auto	GNU-bc
  var	JavaScript, Pliant
  gvar	Pliant
  variable v(11)	Forth
  e value v	Forth
  Module[{x, y = v}, ... ]	Mathematica
  Block[{x, y = v}, ... ]	Mathematica
  With[{c1 = v1, c2 = v2, ... }, ...]	Mathematica
  <xsl:variable name="v" select="e"/>	XSLT

  both

  =	CoffeeScript, GNU-bc, merd, Python, Ruby
  :=	Go, merd
  set, variable	Tcl

• grouping expressions

  ( ... )	Ada, Awk, B, BCPL, Beta, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, D, E, Eiffel, F#, GNU-bc, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Julia, Logo, Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Matlab, merd, Modula-3, MSH, MUMPS, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scilab, Smalltalk, SML, SQL92, Tcl, Vimscript, XPath, YCP, Yorick
  [ ... ]	Rebol
  indentation	merd
  $ ...	Haskell
  begin ... end	F#, FishShell, OCaml, Ruby
  space(12)	merd

• block (grouping statements, especially when statements are not expressions)

  { ... }	Awk, BCPL, BourneShell, GNU-bc, GNU-sed, JavaScript, PHP, Pike, Tcl, Yorick
  { ... }(13)	B, C, C#, C++, E, Go, Haskell, Java, Modula-3, Perl, Perl6, YCP
  ( ... )(13)	BourneShell
  [ ... ](14)	Logo, Smalltalk
  "..."	Tcl
  begin ... end(13)	Ada, Pascal
  (begin ...)	Scheme
  BEGIN ... END	Modula-3
  do ... end	Classic REXX
  do ... end(13)	Lua, PL/I
  indentation	CoffeeScript, F#, MUMPS, Pliant, Python
  indentation(13)	Haskell, merd
  foo ... end where foo in { if, do, ... }	Modula-2, Ruby
  foo ... end where foo in { if, for, while, ... }	Matlab, Scilab
  foo ... end where foo in { if, loop, ... }	Eiffel
  foo ... end foo where foo in { if, do, ... }	Ada, Fortran90
  (* ... *)(15)	BCPL
  (# ... #)	Beta

• use a block as a return value (when statements are not expressions)

  valof	BCPL
  do	Perl, Perl6
  proc() .. end proc	Maple

• equality / inequality

  shallow

  == !=	Awk, B, C, C++, CoffeeScript, F#, Go, Io, Java, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Yorick
  = /=	Eiffel, Fortran90
  = <>	Forth, Logo, Maple, Modula-2, Pliant, Rebol
  = #(16)	Modula-2, Modula-3
  = !=	BourneShell, FishShell
  == === != !==(17)	JavaScript, PHP
  === !==	Perl6, PHP5
  == ~=	Lua
  == ~~	Smalltalk
  == ~==	Dylan
  = '=	MUMPS
  = ~= neqv(15)	BCPL
  f= f<>	Forth
  is_equal(18)	Eiffel
  eq ne	Emacs Lisp, PostScript
  eq, eql	Common Lisp
  eq? eqv?	Scheme
  .EQ. .NE.	Fortran
  is / is not	Python
  is / isnot	Vimscript

  deep

  == !=	Awk, C#, C++, E, merd, PHP5, Python, Ruby, Tcl, Vimscript, YCP
  == <>	Python
  == /=	Haskell
  == \=	Oz
  == \==	Classic REXX, Prolog
  = /=	Ada
  = !=	Maple, XPath
  = <>	Beta, F#, OCaml, Pascal, Rebol, SML, SQL92, Visual Basic
  = ~=	Dylan, Smalltalk
  == ~= eq ne isequal isequalwithequalnans	Matlab
  == ~= eq ne isequal	Scilab
  =@= \=@= / = \= / =:= =\=(19)	Prolog
  === =!= / == !=(20)	Mathematica
  .eq	Logo
  equal?	Scheme
  equals	Java
  equal	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Pike
  equalp	Common Lisp
  eqv	Perl6
  deep_is_equal	Eiffel
  isEqual	Objective-C

• comparison

  < > <= >=	Ada, Awk, Awk, B, Beta, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, F#, Forth, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Matlab, merd, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, Scilab, Smalltalk, SML, SQL92, Tcl, Vimscript, Visual Basic, XPath, YCP, Yorick
  < > =< >=	Mercury, Oz
  < > '> '<	MUMPS
  << >> <<= >>=(21)	Classic REXX
  @< / @=< / @> / @>=	Prolog
  lt gt le ge	Perl, Perl6, PostScript
  -lt -gt -le -ge	BourneShell, FishShell, MSH
  .LT. .GT. .LE. .GE.	Fortran
  u< u> u<= u>=	Forth
  f< f>	Forth

  returns 3 values (i.e. inferior, equal or superior)

  a <=> b	merd, Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  cmp	Perl, Perl6, Python
  compare	F#, Forth, Haskell, Mercury, OCaml, Pliant, Prolog, Smalltalk
  strcmp	C, PHP
  three_way_comparison	Eiffel
  string compare	Tcl
  compareTo	Java
  strings.Compare()	Go

  returns 4 values (i.e. inferior, equal, superior or not comparable)

  compare	Pliant
  compareTo	E

  min / max (binary or more)

  min / max	Beta, C++, Common Lisp, Dylan, E, Eiffel, F#, Forth, Haskell, Io, Java, Lua, Maple, Matlab, merd, OCaml, PHP5, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Scheme, Scilab, Smalltalk, SQL92, Tcl8.5, Yorick
  min minstr / max maxstr(22)	Perl
  Min / Max	Mathematica, Oz
  MIN / MAX	Classic REXX, Modula-3
  measure-object -min / measure-object -max	MSH
  fmin / fmax	Forth
  Integer'min / Integer'max	Ada

• runtime evaluation

  eval	BourneShell, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, FishShell, JavaScript, Matlab, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Tcl, YCP
  CoffeeScript.eval(23)	CoffeeScript
  exec	Python
  evstr / execstr	Scilab
  dostring	Lua
  doString	Io
  evaluate	Forth
  Compiler evaluate:	Smalltalk
  runtime_compile / compile + execute	Pliant
  Compiler.evalExpression or Compiler.parseOzVirtualString	Oz
  compile_string	Pike
  interpret	Classic REXX
  ToExpression	Mathematica
  run	Logo
  XECUTE	MUMPS
  do / reduce / compose / load	Rebol
  [...]	Tcl
  =..(24)	Prolog

• manual memory allocation

  allocation

  malloc	C
  allocate throw	Forth
  new	Ada

  deallocation

  free	C
  free throw	Forth

• force garbage collection

  doGC	Beta
  GC.start	Ruby
  gc	Logo, Maple, Pike
  System.gc()	Java
  System.gcDo	Oz
  System.GC.Collect()	C#, F#
  gc.collect()	Python
  gc_collect_cycles(25)	PHP5
  full_collect	Eiffel
  garbage_collect	Mercury, Prolog
  collectgarbage	Lua
  Collector collect	Io
  VM.garbageCollect()	JavaScript
  Gc.full_major()	OCaml
  Smalltalk garbageCollect	Smalltalk
  System.Mem.performGC	Haskell
  incremental garbage collection => not needed	Perl, Perl6
  recycle	Rebol
  interp.gc()	E
  (ext:gc)	Common Lisp
  runtime.GC()	Go

Functions

• function call

  f(a,b,...)	Ada, Awk, Awk, B, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, CSS, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Erlang, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Matlab, Mercury, merd, Modula-3, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Prolog, Python, Ruby, XPath, YCP, Yorick
  f a b ...	BourneShell, F#, FishShell, Haskell, Logo, Matlab, MSH, OCaml, Pliant, Rebol, SML, Tcl
  f(a,b,...f) or f[a,b,...] depending on the version	BCPL
  (f a b ...) (apply f l)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  (funcall f a b ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  {f a b}	Oz
  [apply f a b]	Tcl8.5
  f[a,b,...]	Mathematica
  f[a,b,...] or f.call(a,b,...)	Ruby
  &$f(a,b,...) or $f->(a,b,...)	Perl
  $f.(a,b,...)	Perl6
  f a, b, ...	CoffeeScript, Perl
  f, a, b, ...(26)	Yorick
  v = f(a, b, ...) or call f a, b, ...	Classic REXX
  a b ... f	Forth, PostScript
  (a,b,...)->&f or (a,b,...)->f	Beta
  f:a(27)	FL
  f@a(28)	Mathematica
  a // f(28)	Mathematica
  a ~ f ~ b(29)	Mathematica
  .. [ f, A, B, ...]	Prolog
  <xsl:call-template name="f"> <xsl:with-param name="a" select=a/> <xsl:with-param name="b" select=b/> </xsl:call-template>	XSLT

  with no parameter

  f	Ada, BourneShell, Eiffel, Forth, Haskell, Io, Logo, Matlab, Mercury, MSH, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, Pliant, PostScript, Prolog, Rebol, Ruby, Tcl, Yorick
  f()	Awk, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, Erlang, F#, Go, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, merd, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Pike, Python, SML, YCP
  (f)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  (funcall f)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  {f}	Oz
  f[]	Mathematica
  f[] or f.call	Ruby
  &$f or $f->()	Perl
  $f.()	Perl6
  v = f()	Classic REXX
  call f	Classic REXX, Fortran
  f value(30)	Smalltalk
  <xsl:call-template name="f">/	XSLT

• partial application (in the examples below, a normal call is "f(a,b)")

  give the first argument

  f a	F#, Haskell, OCaml, SML
  f(a)	Mercury
  f(a,)	merd
  &f.assuming(var_name => a)	Perl6
  functools.partial(f, a)(31)	Python
  interp alias {} f_a {} f a	Tcl

  give the second argument

  f(,b)	merd
  &f.assuming(b => b)	Perl6
  flip f b(32)	Haskell

  give the first argument to operator ">"

  (a >)	Haskell, merd
  (>) a	F#, OCaml

  give the second argument to operator ">"

  (> a)

  Haskell, merd

• function definition

  sub f { ... }	Perl, Perl6
  sub f($para1, $para2, ...) { ... }	Perl6
  def f(para1, para2, ...): ...	Python
  def f(para1, para2, ...) ... end	Ruby
  def f(para1, para2, ...) ... { ... }	E
  f para1 para2 = ...	Haskell
  let f para1 para2 = ...	F#, OCaml
  f(para1, para2, ...) = valof $( ... $)	BCPL
  f(para1, para2, ...) = ...	merd
  f[para1_, para2_, ...] := ... para1 ...	Mathematica
  f ... or f: para1 ...	Smalltalk
  f: func [para1 para2 ...] ...	Rebol
  /f { ... } def	PostScript
  f := (para1, para2, ...) -> ...	Maple
  f := method(para1, para2, ..., code)	Io
  func f(a, b, c...) { ... }	Yorick
  typ0 f(typ1 para1, typ2 para2, ...) { ... }	C, C#, C++, Pike, YCP
  function f(para1, para2) { ... }	Awk, JavaScript, PHP5
  function f(para1, para2) ... code ... end	Lua
  function f; ...; end	FishShell
  function f { ... }	KornShell
  function f { param(para1, [typ2]para2, ...) ... }	MSH
  (define (f para1 para2) ...)	Scheme
  (defun f (para1 para2) ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  fun { F Para1 Para2 } ... end	Oz
  fun f para1 para2 = ...	SML
  proc f {para1 para2} { ... }	Tcl
  function retval = f(para1, para2) retval = ...	Matlab, Scilab
  :- func f(typ1, typ2, ...) = typ0. f(Para1, Para2, ...) = ...	Mercury
  function f(para1 : type1; para2 : typ2; ...) return retval is begin ... end f;	Ada
  function f para1 para2 -> retval arg typ1 para1; arg typ2 para2; arg rettyp retval; ...	Pliant
  function f(para1 : typ1, para2 : typ2, ...) : retval; var retval : typ0; begin ... end	Pascal
  f (para1 : typ1; para2, para3 : typ2; ...) : rettyp is do ... end	Eiffel
  <xsl:template name="f"> <xsl:param name="para1"/> <xsl:param name="para2"/> ... </xsl:template>	XSLT
  Function f(para1, para2) ... End Function	Visual Basic
  : f ... ;	Forth
  f() { ... }	BourneShell, KornShell
  f : procedure ... return retval	Classic REXX
  to f :para1 :para2 ... end	Logo
  func f(para1 typ1, para2 typ2, ...) (typ3, ...) { ... }	Go

  procedures

  procedure f(para1 : typ1; para2, para3 : typ2); begin ... end	Pascal
  f (para1 : typ1; para2, para3 : typ2; ...) is do ... end	Eiffel
  procedure f(para1 : typ1; para2 : MODE type2; ...) is begin ... end f; MODE ::= | OUT | IN OUT	Ada
  void f(typ1 para1, typ2 para2, ...) { ... }	C, C#, C++, Pike
  let f(para1, para2, ...) be $( ... $)	BCPL
  proc { F Para1 Para2 } ... end	Oz
  f := proc(para1, para2, ...) ... end proc	Maple
  Sub f(para1, para2) ... End Sub	Visual Basic
  function f(para1, para2) ...	Matlab, Scilab
  f : procedure ... return	Classic REXX
  func f(para1 typ1, para2 typ2, ...) { ... }	Go

  variable number of arguments

  one can use overloading on different number of arguments	C++, Java
  sub f { ... @_ }	Perl
  sub f; ... $argv; end	FishShell
  f() { ... $@ }	BourneShell
  f := ... ## &	Mathematica
  f[params___] := ... params ...	Mathematica
  function f(varargin) for i=1:nargin ...(varargin{i}) end	Matlab
  function f(varargin) for e=varargin ...(e) end	Scilab
  (args...) -> ...	CoffeeScript
  (lambda x ...) or(33)	Scheme
  f(args ...typ0)(34)	Go

  predicates

  f(Para1, Para2, ....) :- ... .

  Prolog

• anonymous function

  sub { my ($a, $b) = @_; ... }	Perl
  { my ($a, $b) = @_; ... }(35)	Perl
  { ... } (arguments are in the stack	PostScript
  [ ... ]	Logo
  { param(para1, [typ2]para2, ...) ... }	MSH
  {|a, b| ... }(36)	Ruby
  [:a :b| ... ]	Smalltalk
  [list {a b} {...}]	Tcl8.5
  lambda a, b: ...	Python
  lambda(typ1 para1, typ2, para2, ...) { ... };	Pike
  (a, b) => ...	C#3, CoffeeScript
  (a, b) -> ...	CoffeeScript, Maple
  a, b -> ...	merd
  -> $a, $b { ... }	Perl6
  \a b -> ...	Haskell
  :noname ...	Forth
  fn (a, b) => ...	SML
  fun a b -> ...	F#, OCaml
  (func(A, B) = C :- ...)	Mercury
  function(a, b) { ... }	JavaScript, PHP5
  function(a, b) use (&$v1, $v2) { ... }(37)	PHP5
  function(a, b) ... end	Lua
  Function[{a, b}, ....](38)	Mathematica
  fun(a, b) -> ... end	Erlang
  fun {$ A B} ... end(39)	Oz
  func [a b ...] ...	Rebol
  def _(para1, para2, ...) ... { ... }	E
  proc {|a, b| ...}	Ruby
  lambda {|a, b| ...}	Ruby
  (lambda (a b) ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Scheme
  inline('...x...y...')(40)	Matlab
  method(a, b, ...)	Io
  method(a, b) ... end method(41)	Dylan
  create_function(',','...')	PHP
  delegate(ta a, tb b) { ... }	C#2
  [](ta a, tb b) { ... }	C++-0x
  [](ta a, tb b) -> typ { ... }	C++-0x
  func(para1 typ1, ...) (typ2, ...) { ... }	Go

• function return value

  breaks the control flow

  return(42)	Ada, Awk, B, BCPL, BourneShell, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, E, FishShell, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Matlab, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Tcl, Vimscript, YCP, Yorick
  Return	Mathematica, Visual Basic
  RETURN	Modula-3
  resultis(43)	BCPL
  return-from xxx	Common Lisp
  ^	Smalltalk
  Exit Function / Exit Sub	Visual Basic
  exit	Forth
  output	Logo

  function body is the result

  no syntax needed(44)

  CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Erlang, F#, Haskell, Io, Maple, Mathematica, Matlab, OCaml, Oz, Perl, Perl6, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, SML, Tcl

  setting the result

  Result := val	Eiffel
  <function name> = val	Visual Basic
  <function name> := val	Pascal
  <retvar name> = val;	Ada, Matlab

• function called when a function is not defined (in dynamic languages)

  AUTOLOAD	Perl
  AUTOSCALAR, AUTOMETH, AUTOLOAD...	Perl6
  __autoload	PHP5
  __getattr__	Python
  method_missing	Ruby
  doesNotUnderstand	Smalltalk
  __noSuchMethod__(45)	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  unknown	Tcl
  no-applicable-method	Common Lisp
  doesNotRecognizeSelector	Objective-C
  TryInvokeMember(46)	C#
  match [name, args] { ... }	E
  the predicate fail	Prolog
  forward	Io

• runtime inspecting the caller information

  caller	Perl, Perl6, Ruby
  call	Io
  inspect.stack()[1]	Python
  backtrace	Pike
  debug_backtrace	PHP5
  trace 'I'	Classic REXX
  evalin('caller', ...)	Matlab
  current_predicate	Prolog
  thisContext sender	Smalltalk
  where(2)	Maple
  info level	Tcl
  runtime.Caller(0)	Go

• function composition

  .	Haskell
  ~	merd
  o	SML
  @	Maple
  compose	Dylan
  Composition	Mathematica
  <<	F#
  >>	F#

• identity function

  id	Haskell
  identity	Common Lisp
  Identity	Mathematica
  yourself	Smalltalk

Control Flow

• sequence

  ,	C, C++, Go, JavaScript, Matlab, Perl, Pike, Prolog, Scilab
  .	Smalltalk
  ;	Ada, Awk, B, Beta, BourneShell, C, C#, C++, E, F#, FishShell, GNU-sed, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Maple, Mathematica, Matlab, merd, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, PL/I, Pliant, Python, Ruby, SML, Tcl, YCP
  :	Maple
  nothing, optionally ;	Classic REXX, Lua
  space	Eiffel, Rebol
  end-of-line	Assembler, Awk, Basic, BourneShell, CoffeeScript, E, F#, FishShell, Fortran, GNU-sed, Haskell, Io, JavaScript, Lua, Matlab, merd, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl
  (begin ...)	Scheme
  (progn ...) (prog1 ...) (prog2 ...)	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  >>	Haskell

• if_then

  if c then ...	CoffeeScript, F#, merd, OCaml, Pascal, Tcl
  if c then ... end	Eiffel, Lua, Oz, Ruby
  if c then ... end if	Ada, Maple
  if c then ... fi	Maple
  if c; then ... fi	BourneShell
  if (c) then ... end	Dylan
  if c do ...	BCPL
  IF c THEN ... END	Modula-2, Modula-3
  if (c) ...	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike, YCP
  if c: ...	Python
  if c ...	Pliant, Rebol, Tcl
  if (c): ... endif	PHP
  if c {...}	Go, Perl6
  if c [...]	Logo
  if (c) {...}	E, Perl, Yorick
  IF c ...	MUMPS
  c -> ...	FL
  c ... if	PostScript
  ... if c	Perl, Ruby
  c if b1 then	Forth
  (if c ...)	Common Lisp, Scheme
  (when c ...)	Emacs Lisp
  c and ...	Perl, Ruby
  if(c, ...)	Io
  If[c, ...]	Mathematica
  if(c) then(...)	Io
  c ifTrue(...)	Io
  c ifTrue: ...	Smalltalk
  <xsl:if test="c">...</xsl:if>	XSLT
  if c ... endif	Vimscript
  If c Then ...	Visual Basic
  If c ... End If	Visual Basic
  if c; ... end	Ruby
  if c; ...; end	FishShell
  if c, ..., end	Matlab
  if c ... end	Matlab, Ruby
  if c then ; ... if c then ... if c then do ... end	Classic REXX
  c and ...	Perl
  t label	GNU-sed
  if c ...	CoffeeScript

• if_then_else

  if c then b1 else b2	CoffeeScript, F#, Haskell, merd, OCaml, SML
  if c then b1 else b2 end	Eiffel, Lua, Ruby
  if c then b1 elsif c2 then b2 else b3 end if	Ada
  if c then b1 elseif c2 then b2 else b3 end	Eiffel, Oz
  if (c) then b1 elseif (c2) then b2 else b3 end	Dylan
  IF c THEN b1 ELSIF c2 THEN b2 ELSE b3 END	Modula-3
  If c Then b1 ElseIf c2 Then b2 Else b3 End If	Modula-2
  if (c) b1 else b2	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Pike, YCP
  if c b1 elsif c2 b2 b3	Tcl
  if c then b1 elseif c2 then b2 else b3	Tcl
  if c then begin b1 end else begin b2 end	Pascal
  if c b1 eif c2 b2 else b3	Pliant
  if c then b1 elif c2 then b2 else b3 end if	Maple
  if c; then b1; elif c2; then b2; else b3; fi	BourneShell
  if c; b1; else b2; end	FishShell
  if c1, b1, elseif c2, b2, else, b3, end	Matlab
  if (c) b1 elseif (c2) b2 else b3	PHP
  if (c): b1 elseif (c2): b2 else: b3 endif	PHP
  if (c) {b1} elsif (c2) {b2} else {b3}	Perl
  if (c) {b1} else {b2}	E, Yorick
  (if c b1 b2)	Common Lisp, Scheme
  (if c then b1 else b2)	Mercury
  (c -> b1 ; c2 -> b2 ; b3)	Mercury
  c -> b1 ; b2	FL
  if(c, b1, b2)	Io
  If[c, b1, b2]	Mathematica
  if(c) then(b1) else(b2)	Io
  c ifTrue: b1 ifFalse: b2	Smalltalk
  ifelse c [b1] [b2]	Logo
  shunt c b1 c2 b2 b3	Pliant
  either c b1 b2 / if/else c b1 b2	Rebol
  (cond (c b1) (c2 b2) (t b3))	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  (cond (c b1) (c2 b2) (else b3))	Scheme
  Which[c, b1, c2, b2, True, b3]	Mathematica
  c -> b1 ; c2 -> b2 ; b3	Prolog
  case when c; b1 when c2; b2 else b3 end	Ruby
  test c then b1 or b2	BCPL
  e | c = b1 | c2 = b2 | otherwise = b3(47)	Haskell
  c b1 b2 ifelse	PostScript
  c if b1 else b2 then	Forth
  c ? b1 : b2	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Ruby, Tcl, YCP, Yorick
  c ?? b1 !! b2	Perl6
  b1 if c else b2(31)	Python
  $SELECT(c:b1,c2:b2,1:b3)	MUMPS
  c -> b1, b2	BCPL
  (if c then b1 else b2 fi)	Beta
  <xsl:choose> <xsl:when test="c"> b1 </xsl:when> <xsl:when test="c2"> b2 </xsl:when> <xsl:otherwise> b3 </xsl:otherwise> </xsl:choose>	XSLT
  if c1 ... elseif c2 ... else ... endif	Vimscript
  If c Then b1 Else b2	Visual Basic
  If c b1 Else b2 End If	Visual Basic
  if c: b1 elif c2: b2 else: b3	Python
  if c b1 elsif c2 b2 else b3 end	Ruby
  if c b1 elseif c2 b2 else b3 end	Matlab
  if c then ; b1 ; else ; b2 if c then b1 else b2 if c then do b1 ... end else do b2 ... end	Classic REXX
  IF c ... ELSE ...	MUMPS
  if c b1 else if c2 b2 else b3	CoffeeScript
  if c {b1} else if c2 {b2} else {b3}	Go

• ifnot_then (unless)

  unless	CoffeeScript, Emacs Lisp, Perl
  ifFalse	Smalltalk
  if(c) not then(...)	Io

• multiple selection (switch)

  switch (val) { case v1: ...; break; case v2: case v3: ...; break; default: ...; }	C, C++, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike
  switch val { case v1: ...; goto done; case v2: case v3: ...; goto done; } ...; done:	B
  switch (val) { case v1: ...; break; case v2: case v3: ...; break; default: ...; break; } (48)	C#
  switch (val) { match v1 { ... } match v2 { ... } match _ { ... } }	E
  switchon val case v1: ... case v2: ... default: ...	BCPL
  switch val case v1 ... case v2 v3 ... case '*' ... end	FishShell
  switch val case v1 ... case {v2,v3} ... otherwise ... end	Matlab
  case val of v1 : ...; v2, v3 : ... else ... end	Pascal
  switch val { v1 {...} v2 - v3 {...} default {...} }	Tcl
  case val in v1) statement1 ;; v2|v3) statement23 ;; *) statement_else ;; esac	BourneShell
  (if val // v1 then ... // v2 then ... else ... if)	Beta
  match val with | v1 -> ... | v2 | v3 -> ... | _ -> ...	F#, OCaml
  case val of v1 => ... | v2 => ... | _ => ...	SML
  CASE val OF v1 => ... | v2 => ... ELSE => ... END	Modula-3
  case val of v1 -> ... v2 -> ... _ -> ...	Haskell
  val case v1 of ... endof v2 of ... endof ... endcase	Forth
  val. v1 -> ... v2 -> ... _ -> ...	merd
  (case val ((v1) ...) ((v2) ...) (otherwise ...))	Common Lisp
  (case val ((v1) ...) ((v2) ...) (else ...))	Scheme
  case val is when v1 => ... when v2 | v3 => ... when others => ... end case;	Ada
  case val when v1; ... when v2, v3; ... else ... end	Ruby
  inspect val when v1 then statement1 when v2, v3 => statement23 else statement_else end	Eiffel
  select (val); when (v1) statement1; when (v2, v3) statement23; otherwise statement_else; end;	PL/I
  X = val, (X = v1, ... ; X = v2, ... ; ...)	Mercury, Prolog
  my %case = ( v1 => sub { ... }, v2 => sub { ... }, ); if ($case{val}) { $case{val}->() } else { ... }	Perl
  use Switch; switch ($val) { case v1 { ... } case v2 { ... } else ... }) (49)	Perl
  given $val { when v1 { ... } when v2 { ... } default { ... } }	Perl6
  Select val Case v1 ... Case v2, v3 ... Case Else ... End Select	Visual Basic
  switch (val) { v1 { ... } v2 { ... } default { ... } }	MSH
  switch val [ v1 [...] v2 [...] ] switch/default [ v1 [...] v2 [...] ][...]	Rebol
  val caseOf: {[v1]->[...]. [v2]->[...]} otherwise: ...	Squeak
  Switch[val, v1, ..., v2, ..., _, ...]	Mathematica
  select when v1 ... when v2 | v3 ... otherwise ... end	Classic REXX
  CASE val WHEN v1 THEN ... WHEN v2 THEN ... ELSE ... END	SQL92
  switch val { case v1, v2, ...: ... fallthrough case v3: ... default: ... }	Go

• loop

  forever loop

  loop	CoffeeScript, merd, Perl6, PostScript, Ruby
  loop(...)	Io
  loop ... end loop	Ada
  LOOP ... END	Modula-3
  (loop do ...)	Common Lisp
  cycle (# do ... #)	Beta
  repeat	Squeak
  begin ... again	Forth
  forever	Logo, Rebol
  Do ... Loop	Visual Basic
  do forever ... end	Classic REXX
  for {}	Go

  while condition do something

  while (c) ...	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, E, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Pike, Ruby, YCP, Yorick
  while c ...	CoffeeScript, Perl6, Tcl
  while c loop ... end loop	Ada
  while c do ...	BCPL, Pascal, SML
  while c do ... done	F#, OCaml
  while c do ... end do	Maple
  while c do ... end	Lua
  WHILE c DO ... END	Modula-3
  while c: ...	Python
  while c; do ...; done	BourneShell
  while c; ...; end	FishShell
  while c, ..., end	Matlab
  while [c][...]	Rebol
  while c [...]	Logo
  while(c, ...)	Io
  While[c, ...]	Mathematica
  do.while [...] c	Logo
  c whileTrue: ...	Smalltalk
  (loop while c do ...)	Common Lisp
  loop (# while ::< (# do c -> value #) do ... #)	Beta
  begin c while ... repeat	Forth
  from until not c loop ... end	Eiffel
  while c ...	Pliant
  while c do ...	F#
  Do While c ... Loop	Visual Basic
  while c ... endwhile	Vimscript
  do while c ... end	Classic REXX
  for c {...}	Go

  do something until condition

  do ... until c	Perl6
  do {...} until c	Perl
  do ... while (!c)	Awk, C, C#, C++, Java, JavaScript, Pike, Yorick
  begin ... end until c	Ruby
  begin ... c until	Forth
  REPEAT ... UNTIL c	Modula-3
  loop (# until ::< (# do c -> value #) do ... #)	Beta
  loop ... exit when c; end loop	Ada
  (loop do ... until c)	Common Lisp
  ... repeatuntil c	BCPL
  repeat ... until c	Lua, Pascal
  repeat ... until (c)	YCP
  repeat, ..., c	Prolog
  until [... c]	Rebol
  until c [...]	Logo
  do.while [...] c	Logo
  While[...; c]	Mathematica
  [...] whileFalse: [c]	Smalltalk
  Do ... Loop Until c	Visual Basic

  for each value in a numeric range, 1 increment (see also the entries about ranges)

  for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) ...	C, C#, C++
  for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++) ...	Awk, JavaScript
  for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i++) ...	PHP
  foreach my $i (1 .. 10) { ... }	Perl
  foreach ($i in 1..10) { ... }	MSH
  for (1 .. 10) -> $i { ... }	Perl6
  for i = 1:10, ..., end	Matlab
  for i = 1, 10 do ... end	Lua
  for i := 1 to 10 do ...	Pascal
  for i = 1 to 10 do ... done	F#, OCaml
  For i = 1 To 10 ... Next	Visual Basic
  for i in 1 .. 10 loop ... end loop	Ada
  for i in 1 .. 10 do ... done	F#
  for i in [1..10] ...	CoffeeScript
  for i in xrange(1, 11)	Python
  for i in (seq 10); ...; end	FishShell
  FOR I=1:1:10 ...	MUMPS
  for i from 1 to 10 do ... end do	Maple
  for [i 1 10 +1] [...]	Logo
  for {set i 1} {$i <= 10} {incr i} {...}	Tcl
  1 1 10 ... for	PostScript
  11 1 do ... loop	Forth
  (1..10).each {|i| ... }	Ruby
  1.upto(10) {|i| ... }	Ruby
  1 to(10) foreach(...)	Io
  1 to: 10 do: [...]	Smalltalk
  (loop for i from 1 to 10 do ...)	Common Lisp
  do label i = 1, 10	Fortran
  Do[..., {i, 1, 10}](50)	Mathematica
  do i = 1 for 10 ... end	Classic REXX
  for i := 1; i <= 10; i++ {...}	Go

  for each value in a numeric range, 1 decrement

  for X := 10 downto 1 do ...	Pascal
  for i = 10 downto 1 do ... done	F#, OCaml
  for i in reverse 1 .. 10 loop ... end loop	Ada
  for i in 10 .. -1 .. 1 do ... done	F#
  for (int i = 10; i >= 1; i--) ...	C, C#, C++
  for (my $i = 10; $i >= 1; $i--) { ... }	Perl
  loop (my $i = 10; $i >= 1; $i--) { ... }	Perl6
  for (i = 10; i >= 1; i--) ...	Awk, JavaScript
  for ($i = 10; $i >= 1; $i--) ...	PHP
  from i := 10 until i < 1 loop ... i := i - 1 end	Eiffel
  for i = 10:-1:1, ..., end	Matlab
  for i = 10, 1, -1 do ... end	Lua
  For i = 10 To 1 Step -1 ... Next	Visual Basic
  for i in xrange(10, 0, -1)	Python
  for i in `seq 10 -1 1`; do ...; done	BourneShell
  for i in (seq 10 -1 1); ...; end	FishShell
  for i from 10 to 1 by -1 do ... end do	Maple
  for [i 1 10 -1] [...]	Logo
  FOR I=10:-1:1 ...	MUMPS
  for {set i 10} {$i >= 1} {incr i -1} {...}	Tcl
  10 -1 1 ... for	PostScript
  1 10 do ... -1 +loop	Forth
  1 to: 10 by: -1 do: [...]	Smalltalk
  10 to(1) foreach(...)	Io
  10.downto(1) {|i| ... }	Ruby
  (loop for i from 1 to 10 by -1 do ...)	Common Lisp
  do label i = 10, 1, -1	Fortran
  Do[..., {i, 10, 1, -1}]	Mathematica
  do i = 10 to 1 by -1 ... end	Classic REXX
  for i in [10..1] ...	CoffeeScript
  for i := 10; i >= 1; i-- {...}	Go

  for each value in a numeric range, free increment

  for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i += 2) ...	C, C#, C++, Pike
  for (i = 1; i <= 10; i += 2) ...	Awk, JavaScript
  for ($i = 1; $i <= 10; $i += 2) ...	PHP
  for (my $i = 1; $i <= 10; $i += 2) { ... }	Perl
  loop (my $i = 1; $i <= 10; $i += 2) { ... }	Perl6
  from i := 1 until i > 10 loop ... i := i + 2 end	Eiffel
  for i = 1:3:10, ..., end	Matlab
  for i = 1, 10, 2 do ... end	Lua
  For i = 1 To 10 Step 2 ... Next	Visual Basic
  for i in 1 .. 2 .. 10 do ... done	F#
  for i in xrange(1, 11, 2)	Python
  for i in (seq 1 2 10); ...; end	FishShell
  for i from 1 to 10 by 2 do ... end do	Maple
  for [i 1 10 2] [...]	Logo
  FOR I=1:2:10 ...	MUMPS
  for {set i 0} {$i <= 10} {incr i 2} {...}	Tcl
  1 2 10 ... for	PostScript
  11 1 do ... 2 +loop	Forth
  1 to: 10 by: 2 do: [...]	Smalltalk
  (1..10).step(2) {|i| ... }	Ruby
  1 to (9,2) foreach(...)	Io
  (loop for i from 1 to 10 by 2 do ...)	Common Lisp
  do label i = 1, 10, 2	Fortran
  Do[..., {i, 1, 10, 2}]	Mathematica
  do i = 1 to 10 by 2 ... end	Classic REXX
  for i in [1..10] by 2 ...	CoffeeScript
  for i := 1; i <= 10; i += 2 {...}	Go

  for "a la C" (while + initialisation)

  for	Awk, C, C#, C++, Go, Java, JavaScript, Mathematica, MSH, Perl, PHP, Pike, Tcl, Yorick
  loop	Perl6
  for ((x = 0; x < 10; x++)); do ...; done	BourneShell
  from init_code until c loop ... incr_statement end	Eiffel
  (loop with VAR = INITIAL-VALUE ... while CONDITION finally INCREMENT ...)	Common Lisp

• breaking control flow

  returning a value

  return(42)	Ada, Awk, B, BCPL, BourneShell, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, E, FishShell, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Matlab, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Pliant, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Tcl, Vimscript, YCP, Yorick
  Return	Mathematica, Visual Basic
  RETURN	Modula-3
  resultis(43)	BCPL
  return-from xxx	Common Lisp
  ^	Smalltalk
  Exit Function / Exit Sub	Visual Basic
  exit	Forth
  output	Logo

  goto (unconditional jump)

  goto	Ada, B, Basic, BCPL, C, C#, C++, Cobol, Fortran, Go, Logo, MUMPS, Pascal, Perl, PHP5, Yorick
  Goto	Mathematica
  go throw	Common Lisp
  signal	Classic REXX
  b	GNU-sed
  b, bra, jmp	Assembler

  continue / break

  continue / break	Awk, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, FishShell, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, Matlab, PHP, Pike, Python, Tcl, YCP, Yorick
  Continue / Break	Mathematica
  next / last	Perl, Perl6
  next / break(51)	Maple, Ruby
  / break	BCPL, Lua
  / break/return	Rebol
  / exit	Ada, PostScript
  / stop	Logo
  restart / leave	Beta, Pliant
  / Exit Do, Exit For	Visual Basic
  / return-from xxx or return	Common Lisp
  iterate / leave	Classic REXX
  / leave	Forth

  redo / retry

  redo/	Perl, Perl6
  redo / retry	Io, Ruby

• exception

  throwing

  raise	Ada, Eiffel, F#, merd, OCaml, Python, Ruby, Scheme-SRFI34, SML
  RAISE	Modula-3
  raise ... end	Oz
  Exception raise	Io
  throw	C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, Erlang, Forth, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Logo, PHP5, Pike, Prolog, Rebol
  Throw	Mathematica
  throw/name	Rebol
  die	Perl, Perl6
  return -code	Tcl
  error	Common Lisp, Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Lua, Lua, Maple, Matlab, Pliant, Yorick
  signal	Common Lisp, Dylan, Smalltalk
  signal predefined_condition_name	Classic REXX
  cerror warn	Common Lisp
  [NSException raise:name ...]	Objective-C
  panic(v)	Go

  catching

  try: a except exn: ...	Python
  try a with exn -> ...	F#, OCaml
  try a catch (exn) ...	C#, C++, Java, JavaScript
  try a ... catch exn ...	CoffeeScript
  try { ... } catch(t $v) { ... }	PHP5
  try a catch exn then ... end	Oz
  try a catch exn: ... end try	Maple
  try(a) ; catch(...)	Io
  try { a CATCH exn { ... } }	Perl6
  TRY a EXCEPT exn => ... END	Modula-3
  a handle exn => ...	SML
  a on: exception_name do: [:exn | ...]	Smalltalk
  ifCurtailed	Smalltalk
  rescue	Eiffel, Ruby
  eval {a}; if ($@) ...	Perl
  exception when exception_name =>	Ada
  catch a (\exn -> ...)	Haskell
  catch	Erlang, Forth, Logo, Prolog, Rebol, Tcl
  Catch	Mathematica
  catch/name	Rebol
  catch(...) or catch { ... };	Pike
  if (catch(exn)) { ... } a	Yorick
  pcall	Lua
  with-exception-handler or guard	Scheme-SRFI34
  block a exception(exn) ... end	Dylan
  ?, shy, safe	Pliant
  handler-bind handler-case ignore-errors	Common Lisp
  NS_DURING a NS_HANDLER ... NS_ENDHANDLER	Objective-C
  try a catch ... end	Matlab
  signal on predefined_condition_name ... predefined_condition_name : ...	Classic REXX
  recover()	Go

  cleanup: code executed before leaving

  ensure	Ruby, Smalltalk
  finally	C#, F#, Java, Maple, Python
  FINALLY	Modula-3
  unwind-protect	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  cleanup	Dylan
  dynamic-wind	Scheme

  retrying: after catching an exception, tell the snippet to be re-run

  retry	Eiffel, Ruby, Smalltalk
  restart	Dylan

  resume execution where the exception took place

  resume

  Smalltalk

• call-with-current-continuation

  call-with-current-continuation(52)	Scheme
  callcc	Ruby, SML-NJ

Types

• declaration

  typedef t n	C, C++, Pike
  type n is t	Ada
  type n ...	Pliant
  type n = t	F#, Haskell, OCaml, Pascal, SML
  TYPE n = t	Modula-3
  using n = ...	C#
  data n = t	Haskell
  datatype n = t	SML
  newtype n = t	Haskell
  n = t	merd, Python
  n : t	Beta
  (deftype n () 't)	Common Lisp
  type n t	Go

• annotation (or variable declaration)

  :	Ada, E, Eiffel, F#, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, SML
  ::	Dylan, Haskell, Mercury
  !!	merd
  t v	C, C#, C++, Java, Perl6, Pike, Pliant, YCP
  (declare (t v))	Common Lisp
  v :@ t	Beta
  _t(53)	Mathematica
  var n t	Go

• cast

  upcast

  (t) e	C, C#, C++, Java, PHP
  t(e)	Ada, Pascal
  [t] e	Pike
  static_cast<t>(e)	C++
  e :> t	OCaml
  e : t	F#
  upcast e	F#
  CAST(e as t)	SQL92
  typecast(e,t)	Matlab
  (t)(e)	Go

  downcast (need runtime checking)

  (t) e	Java
  t(e)	Ada
  e : t	E
  [t] e	Pike
  dynamic_cast<t>(e)	C++
  e as t	C#
  e :?> t	F#
  downcast e(54)	F#
  v ?= e(55)	Eiffel
  NARROW(e, t)	Modula-3
  typecast(e,t)	Matlab

  computed conversion (calls an internal or a user-defined function)

  (t) e	C++, Pike
  [t] e	MSH
  t(e)	C++, Matlab, Python
  t e	F#
  e : t	E
  e :: t	Haskell
  cast e t	Pliant
  ... cast t	Pliant
  make t e / to t e	Rebol

• mutability, constness

  type of a mutable value

  mutability is the default	C, C#, C++, Go, Java, Matlab
  val x: T	Pascal
  T ref	F#, OCaml, SML
  STRef a T	Haskell
  in out T(56)	Ada

  type of a constant value

  const T	C++, C99
  constant T	Ada
  const x: T	Pascal
  constness is the default	F#, Haskell, OCaml, SML
  const e t	Go

  special cases

  "readonly" fields(57)	C#
  "final" fields, parameters, local variables(57)	Java

Object Oriented & Reflexivity

• method invocation

  object.method(para)	Ada, Beta, C#, C++, Cecil, CoffeeScript, Delphi-Kylix, E, Eiffel, F#, Icon, Java, JavaScript, merd, Modula-3, MSH, Perl6, Python, Ruby, Sather, Visual Basic
  object#method para	OCaml
  object:method(para)	Lua
  object method(para)	Io
  object method para	Pliant, Tcl
  object method: para1 method_continuation: para2	Smalltalk
  object <- method(para)(58)	E
  [ object method: para ]	Objective-C
  object->method(para)	C++, Perl, PHP, Pike
  object["method"](para)	Pike
  object/method para	Rebol
  method object para	Haskell, Mercury
  (method object para)	Common Lisp
  method(object, para)	Ada, Dylan, Matlab
  para->method	Beta
  (send object method para)	MzScheme

  with no parameter

  object.method	Ada, Eiffel, F#, merd, Perl6, Ruby
  object.property(59)	C#
  object.method()	C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, Java, JavaScript, Python
  object#method	OCaml
  object:method	Pliant
  object->method	Perl
  object->method()	PHP5, Pike
  object/method	Rebol
  object["method"]()	Pike
  object method	Io, Smalltalk
  [ object method ]	Objective-C
  method object	Haskell, Mercury
  (method object)	Common Lisp
  method(object)	Ada, Dylan, Matlab
  (send object method)	MzScheme

• object creation

  new	PHP, Pliant, Simula
  new class_name(...)	C#, C++, CoffeeScript, F#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, PHP, Visual Basic
  new class_name ...	CoffeeScript, OCaml
  class_name.new(...)	Perl6, Ruby
  class_name new	Smalltalk
  class_name(...)	F#, Matlab, Pike, Python
  class_name v(...)	C++
  v : class_name	Ada
  class_name.Create	Delphi-Kylix
  !class_name!constructor_name(...)	Eiffel
  &	Beta
  make-object	MzScheme
  (make-instance class_name ...)	Common Lisp
  [class_name alloc]	Objective-C
  make class_name! ...	Rebol
  def object_name { ... }	E

• object cloning

  o.clone	Perl6
  o.clone(60)	Eiffel, Ruby
  o.deep_clone	Eiffel
  o.clone()	Java
  o.Clone()	C#
  clone $o	PHP5
  o clone	Io
  clone / copy or deepCopy	Smalltalk
  Storable::dclone	Perl
  [o copy]	Objective-C
  copy.copy(o)(61)	Python
  purecopy	Emacs Lisp
  {< >} or Oo.copy o	OCaml
  o2 = o(62)	C++, Matlab, PHP
  $o2 = $o	PHP
  o2.all := o.all	Ada
  make o []	Rebol
  o_ : T'Class := o(63)	Ada

• manually call an object's destructor

  delete	C++, JavaScript
  destroy	Pike
  DESTROY	Perl
  dealloc	Objective-C
  Dispose	C#, F#
  del, __del__	Python
  __destruct	PHP5
  Requires instantiation of Ada.Unchecked_Deallocation	Ada

• class declaration

  class	C#, C++, CoffeeScript, Haskell, Java, Matlab, MzScheme, OCaml, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby
  class c inherit p1 p2 ... feature decl decl ... end	Eiffel
  defclass defstruct	Common Lisp
  subclass	Smalltalk
  struct	C++
  type	Pliant
  type c is tagged record ... end record(64)	Ada
  @interface c { ... } ... @end	Objective-C
  :	Beta
  type c() = class ... end	F#
  type c() = ...	F#

• testing class membership

  isa	Matlab, Perl
  is_a? kind_of?	Ruby
  o.meta.isa	Perl6
  isKindOf(65)	Smalltalk
  isKindOfClass	Objective-C
  dynamic_cast	C++
  instanceof	CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript, PHP5
  isinstance	Python
  in	Ada
  is	C#
  is_a	PHP
  :?	F#
  Program.inherits or Program.implements	Pike
  entry_type	Pliant
  typep	Common Lisp
  ISTYPE	Modula-3
  object## < classname##	Beta
  type.accepts(object) / object =~ v : type	E
  var ?= val(66)	Eiffel

• get the type/class corresponding to an object/instance/value

  class	Matlab, Objective-C, Ruby, Smalltalk
  __class__	Python
  getClass	Java
  get_class	PHP
  GetType	F#
  typeid	C++
  typeof	C#, CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  type-of	Common Lisp
  type	Io
  ref	Perl
  generator	Eiffel
  meta	Perl6
  object_program	Pike
  getAllegedType	E

• methods available

  methods	Matlab, Ruby
  get_class_methods	PHP
  getMethods	Java
  get-member	MSH
  indices	Pike
  o.meta.getmethods	Perl6
  dir	Python
  slotNames	Io
  o.GetType().GetMethods()	F#
  o class selectors / o class allSelectors	Smalltalk
  o.__getAllegedType().getMessageTypes()	E

• inheritance

  child :< parent	Beta
  class child : parent	C#, C++
  class child < parent end	Ruby
  class child is parent { ... }	Perl6
  class child extends parent	CoffeeScript, Java, PHP5
  class child(parent):	Python
  class child inherit parent end	Eiffel
  parent subclass: child	Smalltalk
  make parent ...	Rebol
  inherit	OCaml, Pike
  def child extends makeSuperObject(parent, ...) { ... }	E
  type child is new parent with record ... end record	Ada
  type child = inherit parent ...	F#
  (defclass child (parent) ...)	Common Lisp
  @interface child : parent { ... } ... @end	Objective-C
  @ISA = qw(parent1 parent2)	Perl
  clone , setProtos, setProto, prependProto, appendProto	Io
  instance Parent Child where ...	Haskell

• has the method

  can	Perl, Perl6
  respond_to?	Ruby
  respondsTo	E, Smalltalk
  respondsToSelector	Objective-C
  hasattr(obj, "meth")(67)	Python
  object->method	Pike
  all [in object 'method function? get in object 'method]	Rebol
  find-method	Common Lisp
  ismethod	Matlab
  hasSlot	Io
  try obj.GetType().GetMethod("meth") with ...	F#
  obj.meth? instanceof Function	CoffeeScript
  method_exists	PHP5

• current instance

  this	Beta, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript, PHP, Pike
  THIS	Simula
  self	Io, Objective-C, Rebol, Ruby, Smalltalk
  object_name if defined as: def object_name { ... }	E
  Current	Eiffel
  first parameter(68)	Matlab, Perl, Pliant, Python
  the object variable	F#
  dispatching parameter	Ada, Common Lisp
  Me	Visual Basic
  .	Perl6

• accessing parent method

  super	CoffeeScript, E, Java, Objective-C, Ruby, Smalltalk
  super(Class, self).meth(args)	Python
  base	C#
  resend	Io
  Precursor	Eiffel
  $o.SUPER::method(...)	Perl6
  $o->SUPER::method(...)	Perl
  method(parent(dispatching-parameter))	Ada
  parent(dispatching-parameter).method	Ada
  parent::method	PHP5
  call-next-method	Common Lisp
  type foo2 = inherit foo as parent ... member ... = ... parent.meth	F#

• accessing child method

  inner

  Beta

Package, Module

• package scope

  .	Ada, C#, CoffeeScript, E, F#, Go, Haskell, Java, Modula-3, OCaml, Pascal, Python, Ruby, SML, Squeak
  :	XML
  ::	C++, merd, Perl, Ruby, Squeak, Tcl, YCP
  : ::(69)	Common Lisp
  :-	Maple
  '	Perl
  `	Mathematica
  __	Mercury
  /	Matlab

• declare

  package p;	Java, Perl
  namespace p { ... }	C#, C++
  namespace p ...	F#
  namespace P;	PHP5
  namespace eval p ...	Tcl
  module p where ...	Haskell
  module P ... end	Ruby
  module P = struct ... end	OCaml
  { module "p"; ... }	YCP
  :- module(p)	Prolog
  p = module() ... end module	Maple
  (defpackage p ...)	Common Lisp
  automatically done based on the file name	OCaml, Python, Tcl8.5
  package declare(70)	Matlab
  Begin["p`"] ... End[]	Mathematica
  BeginPackage["p`"] ... EndPackage[]	Mathematica
  <node xmlns="namespace"> ... </node>	XML
  package p is -- Declare public package members here private -- Declare private package members here end p; package body p is ... -- Define package implementation here end p;	Ada
  package p	Go

  selective export

  module p (name1, name2, ...) where ...	Haskell
  @ISA = qw(Exporter); @EXPORT = qw(name1 name2 ...);	Perl
  package p is ... end; package body p is ... end;	Ada
  p = module() export name1, name2, ...; ... end module	Maple
  (export 'name1 'name2)	Common Lisp
  attached to each name (public, private...)	Java, Pike
  namespace export name1	Tcl
  namespace p val name1 : type1 ...	F#
  append_features	Ruby
  module type PType = sig val name1 : type1 ... end module P : PType = struct ... end	OCaml
  all files in package directory are exported. files in /private sub-directory are not exported, but can be used by the package itself	Matlab
  __all__ = [ ... ]	Python
  Identifier is only exported if the first character of its name is an Unicode upper case letter; and the identifier is declared in the package block or it is a field name or method name. No other identifiers are exported	Go

• import

  everything into current namespace

  use p(71)	Perl
  uses p	Pascal
  using p	C#
  using namespace p;	C++
  (use-package 'p)	Common Lisp
  open p	F#, OCaml
  import	Pike
  import p	Haskell
  IMPORT p;	Modula-2
  import p.*	Java
  import "p"	YCP
  from p import *	Python
  with p; use p;	Ada
  namespace import p *	Tcl
  inherit c export {NONE} all end	Eiffel
  include or even extend	Ruby
  do	Rebol
  addpath	Matlab
  . p	BourneShell
  source p	BourneShell
  builtin -f /path/to/lib.so	KornShell
  << p`	Mathematica
  Get["p`"]	Mathematica
  Needs["p`"]	Mathematica
  use P1\P;	PHP5
  use P1\P as Q;	PHP5

  selectively

  import p (name1, name2, ...)	Haskell
  import p.name1; import p.name2	Java
  (import '(p:name1 p:name2))	Common Lisp
  use p qw(name1 name2 ...)	Perl
  from p import name1, name2, ...	Python
  FROM p IMPORT name1, name2, ...;	Modula-2
  namespace import p name1	Tcl
  using p::name1; using p::name2; ...	C++
  with p; use type p.type1; ...	Ada
  with(p[name1, name2,])	Maple
  def name := <import:p.name>	E
  :- use_module(name1, name2, ...)	Prolog

  package (ie. load the package)

  import p	Python
  use p;(72)	Perl
  require p	Perl
  require "p"	Ruby
  require, "p"	Yorick
  (require 'p)(73)	Common Lisp
  with p;	Ada
  with(p)	Maple
  package require p	Tcl
  automatically done(74)	Java, OCaml
  import "p"	Go

Strings

• type name

  char[]	C
  char const[]	C++
  string	C#, C++, F#, Go, Maple, OCaml, Pascal, PHP, Pike, SML, Vimscript, YCP
  string!	Rebol
  String	Ada, C#, CoffeeScript, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, merd, Ruby, Smalltalk, Visual Basic
  STRING	Eiffel
  str	Python, YAML
  Str	Perl6, Pliant
  NSString *	Objective-C
  CHAR, VARCHAR(size)	SQL92
  Sequence	Io

• character type name

  char	C, C#, C++, F#, OCaml, SML
  char!	Rebol
  Char	Haskell, merd, Perl6
  Character	Ada, Smalltalk
  CHARACTER	Eiffel
  rune	Go

• character "z"

  'z'	Ada, B, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, E, Eiffel, F#, Go, Haskell, Matlab, OCaml, Pascal, Pike
  "z"	BourneShell, Classic REXX, Maple, merd
  "z	Logo
  $z	Smalltalk
  #\z	Common Lisp, Scheme
  #"z"	Rebol, SML
  &z	Oz
  ?z	Emacs Lisp, Ruby
  char z, [char] z(75)	Forth

• strings

  with no interpolation of variables

  '...'	Beta, BourneShell, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, CSS, FishShell, JavaScript, Lua, Matlab, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Prolog, Python, Ruby, Smalltalk, SQL92, Vimscript, XPath, YAML
  "..."	Ada, Awk, C, C#, C++, Classic REXX, Common Lisp, CSS, Dylan, E, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, F#, FL, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Mathematica, Modula-3, MUMPS, OCaml, Oz, Pike, Pliant, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Scheme, SML, XPath, YAML, YCP
  "...	Logo
  '''...'''	Python
  """..."""	Io, Python
  [[ ... ]]	Lua
  R"[ ... ]"	C++-0x
  <<'MARK' ... MARK	BourneShell, Perl, Ruby
  <<<'MARK' ... MARK(76)	PHP5
  {...{...}...}	Tcl
  (...)	PostScript
  q(...(...)...), q[...], q{...}, q<...>, q/.../	Perl, Perl6
  %q(...(...)...), %q[...], %q{...}, %q<...>, %q/.../	Ruby
  q(...(...)...)	merd
  @"...""..."	C#
  s"..."	Forth
  @"..."	Objective-C

  with interpolation of variables

  ...(77)	Tcl
  "... $v ..."	BourneShell, FishShell, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Tcl
  "... {v} ..."	merd
  "... #{v} ..." "... #$v ..." "... #@v ..." "... #@@v ..."	CoffeeScript, Ruby
  <<MARK ... $v ... MARK	BourneShell, Perl
  <<MARK ... #{v} ... MARK	Ruby
  <<<MARK ... $v ... MARK	PHP
  qq(...(... $v ...)...), qq[...], qq{...}, qq<...>, qq/.../	Perl, Perl6
  %Q(...(... #{v} ...)...), %Q[...], %Q{...}, %Q<...>, %Q/.../	Ruby
  qq(...(... {v} ...)...)	merd
  "... #{v} ..." interpolate	Io
  "... %(v)s ..." % vars()	Python

  end-of-line (without writing the real CR or LF character)

  \n	Tcl
  "\n"	C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, FishShell, Go, Haskell, Io, Java, JavaScript, Lua, Maple, Mathematica, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby, YCP, Yorick
  "*n"	B, BCPL
  "%N"	Eiffel
  "^/"	Rebol
  "~%"(78)	Common Lisp
  "[lf]"	Pliant
  vb_nl	Visual Basic
  <N>(79)	Smalltalk

• multi-line

  all strings allow multi-line strings	BourneShell, Common Lisp, E, Emacs Lisp, F#, FishShell, Io, Maple, Mathematica, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, YCP
  "...", {...}	Tcl
  @"..."	C#
  '''...''', """..."""	Python
  [[ ... ]]	Lua
  {...}	Rebol
  "...\n" "...\n"	C
  ... "...\n\ \...\n"	Haskell
  "...", "..."	Classic REXX
  "...%N% %...%N"	Eiffel
  """ ... """	CoffeeScript
  `...`	Go

• convert something to a string (see also string interpolation)

  show	Haskell
  to_s, to_str, inspect, String()	Ruby
  to_string	merd, Pliant
  tostring	Lua, YCP
  toString	CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript
  ToString	C#, F#, Mathematica
  String	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  perl	Perl6
  Dumper	Perl
  "" . e	Perl
  "" ~ e	Perl6
  "" + e	CoffeeScript, E, Java, JavaScript
  string	Pliant, Vimscript
  str, `e`, repr	Python
  out	Eiffel
  cvs	PostScript
  T'Image(e)(80)	Ada
  asString	Io, Smalltalk
  printString	Smalltalk
  as(<string>, e)	Dylan
  (string) e	PHP, Pike
  convert(e,string)	Maple
  (coerce e 'string)	Common Lisp
  prin1-to-string	Emacs Lisp
  to string! / to-string / to ""	Rebol
  description	Objective-C
  pr1	Yorick
  unneeded, all values are strings	Tcl
  string(e)	Go

• serialize (marshalling)

  export-clixml	MSH
  serialize	Io, PHP
  Marshal.to_string	OCaml
  Marshal.dump	Ruby
  Data.Binary.encode	Haskell
  BinaryFormatter.Serialize	F#
  storeBinaryOn	Smalltalk
  Storable::store	Perl
  pickle.dump(81)	Python
  (with-standard-io-syntax (write obj stream))	Common Lisp
  T'Output(80)	Ada

• unserialize (un-marshalling)

  import-clixml	MSH
  unserialize	PHP
  Marshal.from_string	OCaml
  Marshal.load	Ruby
  Data.Binary.decode	Haskell
  BinaryFormatter.Deserialize	F#
  readBinaryFrom	Smalltalk
  pickle.load	Python
  (with-standard-io-syntax (read obj stream))	Common Lisp
  Storable::store	Perl
  doString	Io
  T'Input(80)	Ada

• sprintf-like

  sprintf	Awk, C, C++, F#, Maple, Matlab, merd, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Ruby
  printf	Haskell
  %	Python, Ruby
  format	Java, Lua, Tcl
  format(82)	Common Lisp, Erlang, Scheme-SRFI28
  Format	C#, F#
  putFormat	Beta
  stringWithFormat	Objective-C
  expandMacrosWith(82)	Smalltalk
  Storable::retrieve	Perl
  fmt.Sprintf	Go

• simple print

  on strings

  puts	C, Dylan, Tcl
  print	Awk, Basic, Java, Maple, merd, PHP, SML
  write	JavaScript, Pascal, Pike, Yorick
  putStr	Haskell
  print_string	F#, OCaml
  console	Pliant
  writeln	JavaScript, Pascal
  write-string	Common Lisp
  putStrLn	Haskell
  Put_Line	Ada
  display	Cobol
  message	Emacs Lisp
  put_string	Eiffel
  show	Smalltalk
  print_endline(83)	OCaml
  println(83)	Java, merd
  put_chars	Erlang
  echo(84)	BourneShell, FishShell, PHP
  type	Forth
  putText	Beta
  say	Classic REXX
  p or i	GNU-sed
  fmt.Print	Go
  echom	Vimscript

  on simple objects

  print	Perl, Perl6
  say(83)	Perl6
  puts(83)	Tcl
  puts -nonewline	Tcl

  on any objects

  print	Io, Logo, Lua, Ruby
  print(83)	Dylan, Haskell, Python, Rebol
  Print	Mathematica
  print e,	Python
  println(83)	Io
  prin	Rebol
  Put	Ada
  p(83)	Ruby
  puts(85)	Ruby
  display	Scheme
  write	Common Lisp, Io, Prolog, Scheme
  writeln(83)	Io
  print	Common Lisp
  printOn	Smalltalk
  princ prin1	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  print_any	F#
  WriteLine	C#, F#
  nothing - just remove ";" at the end of the expression, and it will print it	Matlab
  disp	Matlab

  printf-like

  printf	Awk, C, C++, F#, Haskell, KornShell, Maple, Matlab, merd, OCaml, Perl, PHP, Ruby
  write	Pike
  WriteLine	C#
  putFormat	Beta
  format(82)	Common Lisp, Prolog
  fmt.Printf	Go

• string equality & inequality

  eq ne	Perl, Perl6, Tcl
  strcmp	C, Matlab
  == !=(Vimscript: whether or not == and != are case-sensitive depends on user settings.)	CoffeeScript, Go, JavaScript, Pike, Vimscript
  ==? !=?(86)	Vimscript
  ==# !=#(87)	Vimscript
  == !==	PHP
  == ~=	Lua
  = \=	Prolog
  isEqualToString(88)	Objective-C
  == !=	Awk, C#, C++, E, Io, merd, Python, Ruby, YCP
  == <>	Python
  == /=	Haskell
  == \=	Oz
  = !=	BourneShell, FishShell, Maple, XPath
  = /=	Ada
  = \=	Classic REXX
  = <>	Beta, F#, OCaml, Pliant, SML, Visual Basic
  = ~=	Dylan, Smalltalk
  == \== or = <> \=	Classic REXX
  === =!= / == !=(20)	Mathematica
  == ~=	Matlab
  equal?	Ruby, Scheme
  equals	Java
  equal, equalp	Common Lisp
  is_equal	Eiffel
  isEqual	Objective-C

• string size

  length	Awk, Beta, C++, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Eiffel, F#, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Maple, Matlab, Objective-C, OCaml, Perl, PostScript, Prolog, Ruby
  LENGTH	Classic REXX
  'Length	Ada
  length?	Rebol
  size	C++, E, Io, Ruby, Smalltalk, SML, YCP
  Length	C#, F#, Modula-3, Oz, Pascal
  len	Go, Pliant, Python, Vimscript, Visual Basic
  strlen	C, PHP, Vimscript
  string length	Tcl
  string-length	Scheme, XPath
  StringLength	Mathematica
  sizeof	Pike
  count	Eiffel, Logo
  bytes chars	Perl6
  CHARACTER_LENGTH	SQL92
  atom_length	Prolog
  wc -c	FishShell
  #	Lua
  ${#v}	BourneShell
  dup(89)	Forth

• string concatenation

  +	C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, Eiffel, F#, Go, Java, JavaScript, merd, MSH, Pascal, Pike, Pliant, Python, Ruby, YCP
  .	Perl, PHP, Vimscript
  ..	Io, Lua
  ,	Smalltalk
  ~	D, Perl6
  &	Ada, Modula-3, Visual Basic
  ^	F#, OCaml, SML
  _	MUMPS
  ||	Cecil, Classic REXX, Icon, Maple, PL/I, SQL92
  ++	Haskell
  $a$b	BourneShell, FishShell, Tcl
  concatenate	Common Lisp, Dylan
  string-append	Scheme
  StringJoin	Mathematica
  cat	Maple
  Cat	Modula-3
  strcat	C
  concat	XPath
  append	Beta, Prolog, Rebol
  stringByAppendingString	Objective-C
  	Awk, Classic REXX
  [string1 string2]	Matlab
  word	Logo

• duplicate n times

  *	Ada, E, Pike, Python, Ruby
  x	Perl, Perl6
  times	merd
  repeat	Pliant
  repeated	Io
  str_repeat	PHP
  string repeat	Tcl
  strrep	Lua
  repmat	Matlab
  insert/dup	Rebol
  COPIES	Classic REXX
  cat(s$n)	Maple
  concat $ replicate	Haskell
  strings.Repeat	Go

• upper / lower case character

  upcase / downcase	Emacs Lisp, Ruby
  uc / lc	Perl, Perl6
  upper / lower(90)	Lua, Matlab, Pliant, Python
  toUpper / toLower	Haskell
  to_upper / to_lower	Eiffel
  To_Upper / To_Lower	Ada
  toUpperCase / toLowerCase	CoffeeScript, E, Java, JavaScript
  upper_case / lower_case	Pike
  uppercase / lowercase	F#, Logo, OCaml
  strupper / strlower	Lua
  strtoupper / strtolower	PHP
  ToUpper / ToLower	C#, F#, Oz
  toupper / tolower	Awk, C, C++
  string toupper / string tolower	Tcl
  asLowercase / asUppercase	Io, Smalltalk
  upCase / lowCase	Beta
  uppercase form / lowercase form	Rebol
  char-upcase / char-downcase	Common Lisp, Scheme
  char_type(C_, to_upper(C)), char_type(C_, to_lower(C))	Prolog
  \U / \L / \C	GNU-sed
  unicode.ToUpper / unicode.ToLower	Go

• uppercase / lowercase / capitalized string

  upcase / downcase	Emacs Lisp, Ruby
  upper / lower	Matlab, SQL92
  upper / lower / capitalize	Python
  uppercase/lowercase	F#, Logo, OCaml, Rebol
  upcase_atom/downcase_atom	Prolog
  toUpperCase / toLowerCase	CoffeeScript, E, Java, JavaScript
  ToUpperCase / ToLowerCase	Mathematica
  ToUpper / ToLower	C#, F#
  to_upper / to_lower	Ada, Eiffel
  toupper / tolower	Awk, YCP
  uc / lc	Perl, Perl6
  UpperCase / LowerCase	Pascal
  StringTools[UpperCase] / StringTools[LowerCase] / StringTools[Capitalize]	Maple
  uppercaseString / lowercaseString / capitalizedString	Objective-C
  UCase / LCase	Visual Basic
  strtoupper / strtolower	PHP, Yorick
  strupper / strlower	Lua
  string toupper / string tolower / string totitle	Tcl
  string-upcase / string-downcase	Common Lisp, Scheme
  asLowercase / asUppercase / asUppercaseFirst	Smalltalk
  asLowercase / asUppercase / makeFirstCharacterUppercase	Io
  upcase_atom / downcase_atom	Prolog
  makeLC / makeUC	Beta
  parse upper var in_var out_var / parse lower var in_var out_var	Classic REXX
  strings.ToUpper / strings.ToLower / strings.Title	Go

• ascii to character

  chr	F#, Haskell, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, Ruby, SML
  chr$	Visual Basic
  char	Matlab
  format %c $c	Tcl
  toChar	E
  strchar	Lua
  from_integer	Eiffel
  fromCharCode	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  FromCharacterCode	Mathematica
  character	Pliant
  Character value: c	Smalltalk
  asCharacter	Io
  code-char	Common Lisp
  integer->char	Scheme
  'Val	Ada
  (char) c	C, C#, C++, Java
  to char! / to-char	Rebol
  X2C, D2C	Classic REXX
  $CHAR(s)	MUMPS
  char_code	Prolog
  ascii	Logo
  StringTools[Char]	Maple
  utf8.DecodeRuneInString(s)	Go

• character to ascii

  ord	F#, Haskell, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, SML
  asc	Visual Basic
  getNumericValue	Java
  charCodeAt	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  asciiValue	Smalltalk
  code	Eiffel, OCaml
  char-code	Common Lisp
  char->integer	Scheme
  s[0]	Ruby
  s 0 get	PostScript
  s at(0)	Io
  scan $s %c	Tcl
  strbyte	Lua
  toInteger	E
  'Pos	Ada
  number	Pliant
  (int) c	C, C#, C++, Java
  to integer! / to-integer	Rebol
  ToCharacterCode	Mathematica
  C2X, C2D	Classic REXX
  $ASCII(s)	MUMPS
  (done automatically when applying mathematical operations on char, such as +)	Matlab
  char	Logo
  char_code	Prolog
  StringTools[Ord]	Maple
  string(c)	Go

• accessing n-th character

  s[n]	C, C#, C++, E, Go, Maple, PHP, Pike, Python, Ruby, Vimscript
  s(n)	Ada, Matlab
  s:n	Pliant
  s.[n]	F#, OCaml
  s !! n	Haskell
  s @ n	Eiffel
  s/:n	Rebol
  string index s n	Tcl
  sub	SML
  char, aref, schar, svref	Common Lisp
  GetChar	Modula-3
  s at(n)	Io
  at(91)	C++, Smalltalk
  aref	Common Lisp
  char(s, i)	B
  charAt	CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript
  characterAtIndex	Objective-C
  n -> s.inxGet	Beta
  string-ref	Scheme
  StringTake[s, {n}]	Mathematica
  $EXTRACT(s, n)	MUMPS
  item	Logo
  over n chars + c@	Forth
  s/.{n}(.).*/\1/	GNU-sed

• extract a substring

  s[n..m]	CoffeeScript, Maple, Pike, Ruby
  s.[n..m]	F#
  s(n..m)	Ada
  s(n:m)	Matlab
  s(n,m+1)	E
  s[n:m+1]	Go, Python, Vimscript
  s[n,len]	Ruby
  s n len	Pliant
  strndup(s + n, len)	C
  substring	Eiffel, Java, Scheme, SML, XPath, YCP
  Substring	C#
  substr	C++, Perl, Perl6, PHP
  SUBSTR	Classic REXX
  sub	F#, Lua, OCaml
  SUB	Modula-3
  subseq	Common Lisp
  slice	CoffeeScript, Io, JavaScript
  mid$	JavaScript
  string range	Tcl
  StringTake[s, {n, m}]	Mathematica
  strpart(s, n, m)	Yorick
  copy/part at s n len	Rebol
  copy/part at s n at s m	Rebol
  s copyFrom: n to: m	Smalltalk
  (n,m)->s.sub	Beta
  [s substringWithRange:NSMakeRange(n, len)]	Objective-C
  SUBSTRING(s FROM n len)	SQL92
  $EXTRACT(s, n, m)	MUMPS
  sub_string / sub_atom	Prolog
  (take len . drop n) s	Haskell
  over n chars + len	Forth
  s/.{n}(.{len}).*/\1/	GNU-sed

• locate a substring

  index	Ada, Perl, Perl6, Python, Ruby
  indexOf	CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript
  IndexOf	C#, F#
  indexOfString	Smalltalk
  startOf	E
  search	Common Lisp, Pike, PostScript
  StringTools[Search]	Maple
  StringPosition	Mathematica
  strstr strchr	C
  find	C++, Logo, Lua, Python, Rebol, YCP
  findSeq	Io
  findSubstring	Haskell
  strfind	Matlab, Yorick
  strpos	PHP
  $FIND	MUMPS
  index_non_blank / find_token	Ada
  substring_index	Eiffel
  rangeOfString	Objective-C
  POS	Classic REXX
  POSITION(needle IN s)	SQL92
  sub_string / sub_atom	Prolog
  string first	Tcl
  strings.Index	Go

• locate a substring (starting at the end)

  rindex	OCaml, Perl, Perl6, Python, Ruby
  rfind	C++, Python
  find/last	Rebol
  strrchr	C
  index(Going => Backward)	Ada
  lastStartOf	E
  lastIndexOf	CoffeeScript, Java, JavaScript
  last_index_of(92)	Eiffel
  LastIndexOf	C#, F#
  lastIndexOfString	Smalltalk
  string last	Tcl
  (search substring string :from-end t)	Common Lisp
  [string rangeOfString:substring options:NSBackwardsSearch]	Objective-C
  LASTPOS	Classic REXX
  t=strfind(s,p), t(end)	Matlab
  strrpos	PHP
  StringTools[SearchAll](s,p)[-1]	Maple
  strings.LastIndex	Go

Booleans

• type name

  Bool	Haskell, Perl6, Pliant
  bool	C#, C++, C99, F#, Go, OCaml, PHP, Python, SML, YAML
  Boolean	Ada, Lua, Pascal, Smalltalk, Visual Basic
  boolean	CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Java, JavaScript, Maple, PHP, YCP
  BOOLEAN	Eiffel
  logic!	Rebol
  logical	Matlab

• false value

  false	Ada, BCPL, Beta, BourneShell, C#, C++, C99, CoffeeScript, E, F#, FL, Forth, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Lua, Maple, Matlab, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, PHP, Pliant, PostScript, Rebol, Ruby, Smalltalk, SML, Tcl, YAML, YCP
  False	Eiffel, Haskell, Mathematica, merd, Python, Visual Basic
  FALSE	Modula-3, SQL92
  false()	XPath
  #f	Dylan, Scheme
  n	YAML
  nil	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Io, Lua, Ruby
  no	CoffeeScript, Tcl, YAML
  No	Prolog
  none	Rebol
  None	Python
  null	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  NULL	C, C++, C99, PHP
  off	CoffeeScript, Tcl, YAML
  undef	Perl, Perl6
  undefined	CoffeeScript, JavaScript
  fail	Prolog
  FAIL	Maple
  array containing at least one false value	Matlab
  exit status different from 0	BourneShell
  0(93)	Awk, B, C, C++, C99, Classic REXX, CoffeeScript, Forth, JavaScript, Matlab, MUMPS, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Python, Tcl, Visual Basic, XPath, Yorick
  0.0	Matlab, Perl, PHP
  NaN	CoffeeScript, JavaScript, XPath
  ""	Awk, CoffeeScript, JavaScript, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Python, XPath
  "0"	Awk, Perl, Perl6, PHP
  ''	CoffeeScript, Matlab, Perl
  '\0'	C, C++, C99
  ()	Perl, Perl6, Python
  []	Matlab, Python
  {}	Matlab, Python
  array()	PHP

• true value

  TRUE	Modula-3, SQL92
  True	Eiffel, Haskell, Mathematica, merd, Python, Visual Basic
  true	Ada, BCPL, Beta, BourneShell, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, F#, FL, Forth, Go, Io, Java, JavaScript, Logo, Maple, OCaml, Oz, Pascal, PHP, Pliant, PostScript, Prolog, Rebol, Ruby, Smalltalk, SML, Tcl, YAML, YCP
  true()	XPath
  t	Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp
  #t	Dylan, Scheme
  y	YAML
  yes	CoffeeScript, Tcl, YAML
  Yes	Prolog
  on	CoffeeScript, Tcl, YAML
  exit status 0	BourneShell
  anything not false	Awk, B, C, C++, Common Lisp, Dylan, Emacs Lisp, Matlab, MUMPS, Perl, Perl6, Pike, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, XPath, Yorick
  1	Classic REXX, MUMPS
  non zero number	Tcl
  non-zero-numbers	Visual Basic
  -1	Forth

• logical not

  !	Awk, B, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, Go, Java, JavaScript, Mathematica, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Ruby, Tcl, Vimscript, YCP, Yorick
  not(94)	Ada, Beta, CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Emacs Lisp, F#, Haskell, Io, Logo, Lua, Maple, merd, OCaml, Pascal, Perl, Perl6, Pliant, PostScript, Prolog, Python, Rebol, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk, SML, XPath
  Not	Oz, Visual Basic
  NOT	Modula-3
  ~	BCPL, Dylan, Matlab, PL/I
  ^	PL/I
  '	MUMPS
  \	Classic REXX
  =0	Forth

• logical or / and

  short circuit

  || / &&	Awk, C, C#, C++, CoffeeScript, E, F#, Go, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Mathematica, Matlab, merd, OCaml, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pike, Ruby, Tcl, Vimscript, YCP, Yorick
  | / &	B, BCPL, Dylan
  or / and	CoffeeScript, Common Lisp, Emacs Lisp, Io, Logo, Lua, Modula-2, Perl, Perl6, PHP, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Scheme, Smalltalk
  OR / AND	Modula-3
  or / &(95)	Modula-2
  any / all	Rebol
  orelse / andalso	SML
  orelse / andthen	Oz
  or else / and then	Ada, Eiffel
  ; / ,	Prolog
  & / !	MUMPS

  non short circuit (always evaluates both arguments)

  | / &	C#, Classic REXX, Java, Matlab, Smalltalk
  or / and	Ada, Beta, Eiffel, Maple, Pascal, PostScript, Rebol, SML, XPath
  Or / And(96)	Oz, Visual Basic
  \/ / /\(15)	BCPL
  ?| /	Perl6