The "Unknown:"s below indicate that an entry is incomplete.

• either the entry exist in the language, and please tell.
• either the entry doesn't exist in the language, and please tell so. The entry will be marked as such and won't appear as missing anymore.

• Category: Object Oriented, Statically typed

• Various

  begin ... end(1)	block (grouping statements, especially when statements are not expressions)
  foo ... end foo where foo in { if, do, ... }	block (grouping statements, especially when statements are not expressions)
  nothing needed	breaking lines (useful when end-of-line and/or indentation has a special meaning)
  --	commenting (until end of line)
  < > <= >=	comparison
  Integer'min / Integer'max	comparison (min / max (binary or more))
  = /=	equality / inequality (deep)
  ( ... )	grouping expressions
  new	manual memory allocation (allocation)
  case-insensitive	tokens (case-sensitivity (keywords, variable identifiers...))
  [a-zA-Z](_?[a-zA-Z0-9])*	tokens (variable identifier regexp)
  Camel_Case	tokens (what is the standard way for scrunching together multiple words)
  :=	variable assignment or declaration (assignment)
  v: t	variable assignment or declaration (declaration)

  Unknown:

  documentation comment

• Functions

  f(a,b,...)	function call
  f	function call (with no parameter)
  function f(para1 : type1; para2 : typ2; ...) return retval is begin ... end f;	function definition
  procedure f(para1 : typ1; para2 : MODE type2; ...) is begin ... end f; MODE ::= | OUT | IN OUT	function definition (procedures)
  return(2)	function return value (breaks the control flow)
  <retvar name> = val;	function return value (setting the result)

• Control Flow

  / exit	breaking control flow (continue / break)
  goto	breaking control flow (goto (unconditional jump))
  return(2)	breaking control flow (returning a value)
  exception when exception_name =>	exception (catching)
  raise	exception (throwing)
  if c then ... end if	if_then
  if c then b1 elsif c2 then b2 else b3 end if	if_then_else
  loop ... exit when c; end loop	loop (do something until condition)
  for i in reverse 1 .. 10 loop ... end loop	loop (for each value in a numeric range, 1 decrement)
  for i in 1 .. 10 loop ... end loop	loop (for each value in a numeric range, 1 increment (see also the entries about ranges))
  loop ... end loop	loop (forever loop)
  while c loop ... end loop	loop (while condition do something)
  case val is when v1 => ... when v2 | v3 => ... when others => ... end case;	multiple selection (switch)
  ;	sequence

  Unknown:

  loop (for each value in a numeric range, free increment)

• Types

  :	annotation (or variable declaration)
  t(e)	cast (downcast (need runtime checking))
  t(e)	cast (upcast)
  type n is t	declaration
  constant T	mutability, constness (type of a constant value)
  in out T(3)	mutability, constness (type of a mutable value)

• Object Oriented & Reflexivity

  method(parent(dispatching-parameter))	accessing parent method
  parent(dispatching-parameter).method	accessing parent method
  type c is tagged record ... end record(4)	class declaration
  dispatching parameter	current instance
  type child is new parent with record ... end record	inheritance
  Requires instantiation of Ada.Unchecked_Deallocation	manually call an object's destructor
  object.method(para)	method invocation
  method(object, para)	method invocation
  object.method	method invocation (with no parameter)
  method(object)	method invocation (with no parameter)
  o2.all := o.all	object cloning
  o_ : T'Class := o(5)	object cloning
  v : class_name	object creation
  in	testing class membership

• Package, Module

  package p is -- Declare public package members here private -- Declare private package members here end p; package body p is ... -- Define package implementation here end p;	declare
  package p is ... end; package body p is ... end;	declare (selective export)
  with p; use p;	import (everything into current namespace)
  with p;	import (package (ie. load the package))
  with p; use type p.type1; ...	import (selectively)
  .	package scope

• Strings

  s(n)	accessing n-th character
  'Val	ascii to character
  'z'	character "z"
  'Pos	character to ascii
  Character	character type name
  T'Image(e)(6)	convert something to a string (see also string interpolation)
  *	duplicate n times
  s(n..m)	extract a substring
  index	locate a substring
  index_non_blank / find_token	locate a substring
  index(Going => Backward)	locate a substring (starting at the end)
  T'Output(6)	serialize (marshalling)
  Put	simple print (on any objects)
  Put_Line	simple print (on strings)
  &	string concatenation
  = /=	string equality & inequality
  'Length	string size
  "..."	strings (with no interpolation of variables)
  String	type name
  T'Input(6)	unserialize (un-marshalling)
  To_Upper / To_Lower	upper / lower case character
  to_upper / to_lower	uppercase / lowercase / capitalized string

  Unknown:

  strings (with interpolation of variables)
  strings (end-of-line (without writing the real CR or LF character))
  multi-line

• Booleans

  false	false value
  not(7)	logical not
  or / and	logical or / and (non short circuit (always evaluates both arguments))
  or else / and then	logical or / and (short circuit)
  true	true value
  Boolean	type name

• Bags and Lists

  Insert	adding an element at index (return the new list (no side-effect))
  Prepend	adding an element at the beginning (list cons) (return the new list (no side-effect))
  Append	adding an element at the end (return the new list (no side-effect))
  Find	find an element
  First_Element	first element
  First	first element (iterator)
  for v in range loop .. end loop	for each element do something
  Iterate	for each element do something
  Last_Element	last element
  Last	last element (iterator)
  &	list concatenation
  Length	list size
  a(i)	list/array indexing
  Reverse_Elements	reverse
  Containers.Vectors.Vector or Ada.Containers.Doubly_Linked_Lists.List	type name

• Various Data Types

  Element	dictionary (access: read)
  Replace_Element	dictionary (access: write)
  Contains	dictionary (has the key ?)
  Delete	dictionary (remove by key)
  Containers.Ordered_Maps.Map	dictionary (type name)
  type typ is(8)	enumerated type declaration
  Null(9)	optional value (null value)
  v	optional value (value)
  a .. b	range (inclusive .. inclusive)
  .	record (selector)
  '(10)	record (selector)
  type Typ is record N1 : Typ1; N2 : Typ2 := default_val; ... end record;	record (type declaration)
  'access	reference (pointer) (creation)
  .[all]	reference (pointer) (dereference)
  ( a, b, c )	tuple constructor
  type Typ (Choice : Discrete_Type) is record case Choice is when Choice_1 => N1 : Typ1; ... when Choice_2 | Choice_3 => ... when others => ... end case; end record;	union type declaration

  Unknown:

  optional value (null coalescing)

• Mathematics

  and / or / xor	bitwise operators (and / or / xor)
  not	bitwise operators (bitwise inversion)
  Shift_Left / Shift_Right / Shift_Right_Arithmetic / Rotate_Left / Rotate_Right	bitwise operators (left shift / right shift / unsigned right shift)
  **	exponentiation (power)
  Log(X => val, Base => 10.0)	logarithm (base 10)
  Log(X => val, Base => 2.0)	logarithm (base 2)
  Log	logarithm (base e)
  rem	modulo (modulo of -3 / 2 is -1)
  mod	modulo (modulo of -3 / 2 is 1)
  -	negation
  1000.0, 1.0E3	numbers syntax (floating point)
  1_000, 10_00, 100_0	numbers syntax (integer thousand-separator)
  2#1#, 8#7#, 16#f#	numbers syntax (integers in base 2, octal and hexadecimal)
  1000, 1E3	numbers syntax (integers)
  Random(11)	random (random number)
  Reset	random (seed the pseudo random generator)
  sqrt / exp / abs	square root / e-exponential / absolute value
  sin / cos / tan	trigonometry (basic)
  asin / acos / atan(12)	trigonometry (inverse)
  Float'Truncation / Float'Rounding / Float'Floor / Float'Ceiling(13)	truncate / round / floor / ceil
  / Rounding / Floor / Ceiling	truncate / round / floor / ceil
  type T is digits N range Low..High;	type name (floating point)
  type T is delta S digits N range Low..High;(14)	type name (floating point)
  type T is range Low...High;	type name (integers)

  Unknown:

  addition / subtraction / multiplication / division
  operator priorities and associativities

• Threads

  Call a task entry on the other thread	Joining Another Thread (Suspending a Thread Until Another Thread Establishes An Internal State)
  Call task entry serviced just before task termination	Joining Another Thread (Suspending a thread until another thread completes)
  Set_Priority(Priority_Value);	Thread Prioritization (Changing Thead Priority)
  pragma Priority(expression);	Thread Prioritization (Establishing a base thread priority)
  pragma Locking_Policy(Ceiling_Locking);	Thread Prioritization (Selecting a Prioritization Model)
  protected Object_Name is [entry entry_name(Parameter : [in out] is type [...]); procedure procedure_name(Parameter : [in out] is type [...]); function function_name return type; private shared data declaration end Object_Name;	Thread Synchronization (Defining a Synchronized Shared Resource)
  Objectg_Name.Entry_Name(Parms)	Thread Synchronization (Monitor Syntax)
  Object_Name.Function_Name	Thread Synchronization (Synchronized Reading of a Shared Resource)
  Object_Name.Entry_Name(Parms) Object_Name.Procedure_Name(Parms)	Thread Synchronization (Synchronized Writing to a shared resource)
  pragma Volatile(Object_Name);	Thread-safe sharing of data without synchronization (Ensuring access is always via a local copy of the shared data)
  pragma Atomic(Object_Name);	Thread-safe sharing of data without synchronization (Ensuring access is atomic)
  call an entry with parameters	passing data directly between threads
  Tasks are started when created / call Stop entry or "abort task-object-name"	starting / stopping threads
  select task_entry_call; or delay timeout_limit; end select;	terminating thread communication due to a time-out
  task task_name is [entry entry_name[(parameter ...)]...] end task_name	thread definition
  task type task_type_name is [entry entry_name[(parameter ...)]...] end task_type_name	thread definition
  MyTask : task_type_name;	thread object creation

Remarks

• (1) introduce scope
• (2) in Lua, "return xxx" can only appear before a block end. in Matlab, only in inline('...')
• (3) for parameters
• (4) c'Class is the class rooted in c
• (5) or simply o_ := o for non-polymorphic objects
• (6) where T is the type of the value
• (7) Smalltalk: postfix operator
• (8) n1, n2, ...
• (9) only for "access" types in Ada
• (10) attribute selector
• (11) from instances of Ada.Numerics.Float_Random or Ada.Numerics.Discrete_Random
• (12) Ruby >= 1.7
• (13) replace Float with whatever type you are using
• (14) fixed point