The "Unknown:"s below indicate that an entry is incomplete.

• either the entry exist in the language, and please tell.
• either the entry doesn't exist in the language, and please tell so. The entry will be marked as such and won't appear as missing anymore.

• Category: Dynamically typed

• Various

  { ... }	block (grouping statements, especially when statements are not expressions)
  \	breaking lines (useful when end-of-line and/or indentation has a special meaning)
  #	commenting (until end of line)
  < > <= >=	comparison
  < > <= >=	comparison
  == !=	equality / inequality (deep)
  == !=	equality / inequality (shallow)
  ( ... )	grouping expressions
  case-sensitive	tokens (case-sensitivity (keywords, variable identifiers...))
  [_a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	tokens (variable identifier regexp)
  =	variable assignment or declaration (assignment)

  Unknown:

  documentation comment
  information about the current line and file
  tokens (what is the standard way for scrunching together multiple words)
  runtime evaluation
  force garbage collection

• Functions

  f(a,b,...)	function call
  f(a,b,...)	function call
  f()	function call (with no parameter)
  function f(para1, para2) { ... }	function definition
  return(1)	function return value (breaks the control flow)

  Unknown:

  function called when a function is not defined (in dynamic languages)
  runtime inspecting the caller information

• Control Flow

  continue / break	breaking control flow (continue / break)
  return(1)	breaking control flow (returning a value)
  if (c) ...	if_then
  if (c) b1 else b2	if_then_else
  c ? b1 : b2	if_then_else
  do ... while (!c)	loop (do something until condition)
  for	loop (for "a la C" (while + initialisation))
  for (i = 10; i >= 1; i--) ...	loop (for each value in a numeric range, 1 decrement)
  for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++) ...	loop (for each value in a numeric range, 1 increment (see also the entries about ranges))
  for (i = 1; i <= 10; i += 2) ...	loop (for each value in a numeric range, free increment)
  while (c) ...	loop (while condition do something)
  ;	sequence
  end-of-line	sequence

• Strings

  print	simple print (on strings)
  printf	simple print (printf-like)
  sprintf	sprintf-like
  	string concatenation
  == !=	string equality & inequality
  length	string size
  "..."	strings (with no interpolation of variables)
  toupper / tolower	upper / lower case character
  toupper / tolower	uppercase / lowercase / capitalized string

  Unknown:

  strings (with interpolation of variables)
  strings (end-of-line (without writing the real CR or LF character))
  multi-line
  serialize (marshalling)
  unserialize (un-marshalling)
  duplicate n times
  ascii to character
  character to ascii
  accessing n-th character
  extract a substring
  locate a substring
  locate a substring (starting at the end)

• Booleans

  0(2)	false value
  ""	false value
  "0"	false value
  !	logical not
  || / &&	logical or / and (short circuit)
  anything not false	true value

• Bags and Lists

  for (v in l) ...	for each element do something
  asort	sort

  Unknown:

  list concatenation
  list flattening
  list constructor
  list/array indexing
  adding an element at the beginning (list cons)
  adding an element at index
  adding an element at the end
  first element
  all but the first element
  last element
  get the first element and remove it
  get the last element and remove it
  is an element in the list
  smallest / biggest element
  join a list of strings in a string using a glue string
  list size
  iterate with index
  remove duplicates
  reverse

• Various Data Types

  h[k]	dictionary (access: read/write)
  in	dictionary (has the key ?)

  Unknown:

  tuple constructor
  computable tuple (these are a kind of immutable lists playing a special role in parameter passing) (empty tuple)
  computable tuple (these are a kind of immutable lists playing a special role in parameter passing) (1-uple)
  computable tuple (these are a kind of immutable lists playing a special role in parameter passing) (using a tuple for a function call)
  reference (pointer) (creation)
  reference (pointer) (dereference)
  optional value (null value)
  optional value (value)
  optional value (null coalescing)
  record (selector)
  dictionary (constructor)
  dictionary (remove by key)
  dictionary (list of keys)
  dictionary (list of values)
  dictionary (merge)
  range

• Mathematics

  ^	exponentiation (power)
  log	logarithm (base e)
  %	modulo (modulo of -3 / 2 is -1)
  -	negation
  1000, 1000.0, 1E3(3)	numbers syntax (floating point)
  07, 0xf	numbers syntax (integers in base 2, octal and hexadecimal)
  1000	numbers syntax (integers)
  1000, 1000., 1000.0	numbers syntax (integers)
  sqrt / exp /	square root / e-exponential / absolute value
  sin / cos /	trigonometry (basic)

  Unknown:

  addition / subtraction / multiplication / division
  random (random number)
  random (seed the pseudo random generator)
  operator priorities and associativities
  trigonometry (inverse)
  logarithm (base 10)
  truncate / round / floor / ceil
  bitwise operators

Remarks

• (1) in Lua, "return xxx" can only appear before a block end. in Matlab, only in inline('...')
• (2) beware of 0.0 which is true in Pike!
• (3) integers are decimals