The "Unknown:"s below indicate that an entry is incomplete.

• either the entry exist in the language, and please tell.
• either the entry doesn't exist in the language, and please tell so. The entry will be marked as such and won't appear as missing anymore.

• Category: Dynamically typed

• Various

  "	commenting (until end of line)
  < > <= >=	comparison
  == !=	equality / inequality (deep)
  is / isnot	equality / inequality (shallow)
  ( ... )	grouping expressions
  [A-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*(1)	tokens (function identifier regexp (if different from variable identifier regexp))
  [a-zA-Z][_a-zA-Z0-9]*	tokens (variable identifier regexp)
  let v = e(2)	variable assignment or declaration (declaration)

  Unknown:

  documentation comment
  information about the current line and file
  tokens (case-sensitivity (keywords, variable identifiers...))
  tokens (what is the standard way for scrunching together multiple words)
  breaking lines (useful when end-of-line and/or indentation has a special meaning)
  block (grouping statements, especially when statements are not expressions)
  comparison (returns 3 values (i.e. inferior, equal or superior))
  comparison (min / max (binary or more))
  runtime evaluation
  force garbage collection

• Functions

  return(3)

  function return value (breaks the control flow)

  Unknown:

  function call
  function call (with no parameter)
  function definition
  function called when a function is not defined (in dynamic languages)
  runtime inspecting the caller information

• Control Flow

  return(3)	breaking control flow (returning a value)
  if c ... endif	if_then
  if c1 ... elseif c2 ... else ... endif	if_then_else
  while c ... endwhile	loop (while condition do something)

  Unknown:

  sequence
  multiple selection (switch)
  loop (forever loop)
  loop (do something until condition)
  loop (for each value in a numeric range, 1 increment (see also the entries about ranges))
  loop (for each value in a numeric range, 1 decrement)
  loop (for each value in a numeric range, free increment)
  loop (for "a la C" (while + initialisation))
  breaking control flow (goto (unconditional jump))
  breaking control flow (continue / break)
  exception (throwing)
  exception (catching)

• Package, Module

  Unknown:

  package scope
  declare
  import

• Strings

  s[n]	accessing n-th character
  string	convert something to a string (see also string interpolation)
  s[n:m+1]	extract a substring
  echom	simple print (on strings)
  .	string concatenation
  == !=(Vimscript: whether or not == and != are case-sensitive depends on user settings.)	string equality & inequality
  ==? !=?(4)	string equality & inequality
  ==# !=#(5)	string equality & inequality
  len	string size
  strlen	string size
  '...'	strings (with no interpolation of variables)
  string	type name

  Unknown:

  character "z"
  strings (with interpolation of variables)
  strings (end-of-line (without writing the real CR or LF character))
  multi-line
  serialize (marshalling)
  unserialize (un-marshalling)
  sprintf-like
  duplicate n times
  upper / lower case character
  uppercase / lowercase / capitalized string
  ascii to character
  character to ascii
  locate a substring
  locate a substring (starting at the end)

• Booleans

  !	logical not
  || / &&	logical or / and (short circuit)

  Unknown:

  false value
  true value

• Bags and Lists

  +	list concatenation
  [ a, b, c ](6)	list constructor
  len	list size
  a[i]	list/array indexing

  Unknown:

  list flattening
  adding an element at the beginning (list cons)
  adding an element at index
  adding an element at the end
  first element
  all but the first element
  last element
  get the first element and remove it
  get the last element and remove it
  for each element do something
  is an element in the list
  smallest / biggest element
  join a list of strings in a string using a glue string
  iterate with index
  remove duplicates
  sort
  reverse

• Various Data Types

  h[k]	dictionary (access: read/write)
  { a: b, c: d }	dictionary (constructor)
  has_key	dictionary (has the key ?)
  dictionary	dictionary (type name)

  Unknown:

  tuple constructor
  computable tuple (these are a kind of immutable lists playing a special role in parameter passing) (empty tuple)
  computable tuple (these are a kind of immutable lists playing a special role in parameter passing) (1-uple)
  computable tuple (these are a kind of immutable lists playing a special role in parameter passing) (using a tuple for a function call)
  reference (pointer) (creation)
  reference (pointer) (dereference)
  optional value (null value)
  optional value (value)
  optional value (null coalescing)
  record (selector)
  dictionary (remove by key)
  dictionary (list of keys)
  dictionary (list of values)
  dictionary (merge)
  range

• Mathematics

  + / - / * / /	addition / subtraction / multiplication / division
  -	negation
  float	type name (floating point)
  number	type name (integers)

  Unknown:

  numbers syntax (integers)
  numbers syntax (integers in base 2, octal and hexadecimal)
  numbers syntax (floating point)
  exponentiation (power)
  random (random number)
  random (seed the pseudo random generator)
  operator priorities and associativities
  square root / e-exponential / absolute value
  trigonometry (basic)
  trigonometry (inverse)
  logarithm (base e)
  logarithm (base 10)
  modulo
  truncate / round / floor / ceil
  bitwise operators

Remarks

• (1) for user defined functions only
• (2) F#: with indentation
• (3) in Lua, "return xxx" can only appear before a block end. in Matlab, only in inline('...')
• (4) Always case insensitive
• (5) Always case sensitive
• (6) new in PHP 5.4